Table 1 Summary overview of included studies.

From: A systematic review on exercise and training-based interventions for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease

Study (author, year)

Intervention 1

Intervention 2

N (intervention 1, 2)

%FOG (intervention 1, 2)

Category A: FOG-specific

 Ashburn (2019)86 & Chivers Seymour (2019)82 a

Home-based fall prevention program

Usual care

238, 236

64, 59

 Mezzarobba (2017)44 a

AO + sonification

Sham without AO

12, 10

100, 100

 Pelosin (2018)45

AO

Sham without AO

32, 32

100, 100

 Agosta (2017)53

AO

Sham without AO

12, 13

100, 100

 Cui (2017)87

PT with cueing

Sham PT without cueing

20, 20

NR, NR

 Ginis (2016)70

Corrective feedback on gait performance

Sham gait training without corrective feedback

20, 18

70, 55.6

 Canning (2015)74

Fall prevention exercises

Usual care

115, 116

46, 53

 Martin (2015)40

Cueing training

Wait-list control

10, 9

100, 100

 Fietzek (2014)41

Cueing training

Wait-list control

14, 8

100, 100

 Allen (2010)101

Fall prevention exercises

Usual care

24, 24

NR, NR

 Pelosin (2010)46

AO

Sham without AO

9, 9

100, 100

 Nieuwboer (2007)42 a

Cueing training at home

Wait-list control

76, 77

20.3, 20.9

Category B: FOG-relevant

 Bekkers (2020)47 a

TT with virtual reality

Sham TT without virtual reality

34, 43

100, 100

 King (2020)43

Agility bootcamp-cognitive program

Education and relaxation control group

23, 19

100, 100

 Silva-Batista (2020)48

Motor-cognitive balance training

Sham traditional motor rehabilitation

17, 15

100, 100

 Capecci (2019)114

Robot-assisted TT

Sham TT without robot

48, 48

68, 63

 Clerici (2019)49

Motor-cognitive training + aquatic training

Sham motor-cognitive training only

27, 25

100, 100

 Wróblewska (2019)54

Nordic walking training

Usual care

20, 20

100, 100

 Schlenstedt (2018)55

Resistance training

Balance training

12, 8

100, 100

 Walton (2018)50

Cognitive training specific to FOG

Sham cognitive training not specific to FOG

20, 18

100, 100

 Zhu (2018)51

Aquatic obstacle training

Sham aquatic training without obstacles

23, 23

NR, NR

 Cheng (2017)52

Curved walking TT

Sham trunk and upper limb exercises

12, 12

NR, NR

 Santos (2017b)100

Slack-line training

NR

11, 11

NR, NR

 Schlick (2016)56

TT with visual cueing not targeted at FOG

Sham TT without visual cueing

10, 10

NR, NR

 King (2015)79

Individually-supervised (1) or group-supervised (2) agility boot camp training

Unsupervised home-based agility boot camp training (3)

21, 20, 17

46, 46, 60

 Ricciardi (2015)80 b

PT for most affected (1), or least affected body side (2)

PT for both body sides (3)

9, 9, 10

NR, NR, NR

 Kadivar (2011)83 a

Auditory cued stepping in place

Sham internally cued stepping in place

8, 8

50, 37.5

 Frazzitta (2009)57

TT and cueing training

Sham cueing training without TT

20, 20

100, 100

Category C: Generic exercise

 Kalyani (2020)58

Dancing seated and standing

Usual care

17, 16

NR, NR

 Pohl (2020)90

Group- and music-based Ronnie Gardiner method

Usual care

26, 20

NR, NR

 Hubble (2019)84

Trunk exercises + fall education brochures

Sham fall education

11, 11

NR, NR

 Medijainen (2019)115

PT including cueing not specific to FOG

Wait-list control

12, 12

NR, NR

 Rocha (2018)73

Tango

Mixed genre dancing

10, 11

NR, NR

 Sedaghati (2018)59

Alexander-based corrective techniques on forward flexed posture

NR

13, 13

NR, NR

 Van Puymbroeck (2018)60

Yoga

Wait-list control

15, 12

NR, NR

 Carpinella (2017)75

PT with biofeedback (Gamepad system)

Sham PT without biofeedback

17, 20

NR, NR

 Carroll (2017)81

Aquatic training

Usual care

10, 8

NR, NR

 Santos (2017)61

Progressive resistance training

Usual care

13, 15

NR, NR

 Xiao (2017)78

Tai-Chi ball exercises

Usual care

25, 25

NR, NR

 Byl (2015)85 a

Gait training with visual and kinesthetic feedback

Sham gait training without feedback

7, 5

NR, NR

 Romenets (2015)98

Tango

Waitlist control + pamphlet for PD exercises at home

18, 15

NR, NR

 Duncan (2014)76 c

Tango

Usual care

5, 5

NR, NR

 Paul (2014)116

Muscle power training

Sham low-intensity exercises at home

20, 20

NR, NR

 Volpe (2013)72

Irish set dancing

PT with cueing not specific to FOG

12, 12

NR, NR

 Duncan (2012)77 a

Tango

Usual care

26, 26

NR, NR

 Reuter (2011)68

Nordic walking (1), or regular walking (2) training

Flexibility and relaxation training (3)

30, 30, 30

NR, NR, NR

 Hackney (2009)62

Tango (1) or Waltz/Foxtrot (2)

Usual care (3)

14, 17, 17

57.1, 52.9, 29.4

 Hackney (2007)63

Tango

Sham strength and flexibility exercises

9, 10

NR, NR

 Pacchetti (2000)67

Music therapy (i.e., use of musical instruments)

PT including gait and balance training

16, 16

NR, NR

  1. Studies are grouped per intervention category as highlighted in bold font.
  2. AO Action observation, FOG freezing of gait, PT physical therapy, TT Treadmill training, N number of subjects analyzed in each group for the FOG outcome at the primary endpoint; %FOG Percentage of subjects that were classified as being “freezers” (i.e., people with Parkinson’s disease who experience FOG) at baseline, NR Not reported or values could not be computed with the information provided.
  3. aFOG meta-data provided by authors upon email request.
  4. bAuthors contacted by email to retrieve FOG data for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
  5. cSame participants as Duncan and Earhart (2012)77.
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