Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls.

From: Functional connectivity in Parkinson’s disease candidates for deep brain stimulation

Variables

HC

Candidates for DBS

Non-candidates

p: Candidates for DBS vs HC

p: Non-candidates vs HC

p: Candidates for DBS vs Non-candidates

p: for linear trend, Candidates for DBS

p: for linear trend, Non-candidates

p: for differential trend between PD groups

N

60

19

41

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age at MRI [years]

61.79 ± 8.98 (46.14–77.72)

61.09 ± 7.32 (48.86–73.59)

61.96 ± 6.38 (49.09–82.95)

1.00

1.00

1.00

–

–

–

Sex [Men/women]

29 (48.33)/31 (51.67)

11 (57.9)/8 (42.1)

25 (61)/16 (39)

0.32

0.15

0.52

–

–

–

Education [years]

13.52 ± 2.57 (8.00–16.00)

11.21 ± 3.06 (4–16)

12.34 ± 2.31 (8–17)

0.003

0.01

0.35

–

–

–

Handedness [right/left/both]

46 (92) 4 (8) 0 (0)

18 (94.7) 1 (5.3) 0 (0)

36 (87.8) 4 (9.8) 1 (2.4)

0.58

0.50

0.64

–

–

–

Age at onset [years]

–

52.05 ± 7.94 (42.0–64.0)

54.63 ± 6.45 (43.0–71.0)

–

–

0.19

–

–

–

Disease duration [years]

–

8.94 ± 5.55 (4.28–23.93)

7.42 ± 3.65 (4.00–16.86)

–

–

0.24

–

–

–

Family history [No/yes]

–

16 (84.2) 3 (15.8)

34 (82.9) 7 (17.1)

–

–

0.61

–

–

–

Side of onset [Right/left/both]

–

12 (63.2) / 7 (36.8) / 0 (0)

25 (61.0) / 15 (36.6) / 1 (2.4)

–

–

0.79

–

–

–

Hoehn & Yahr

–

2.32 ± 0.74 (1–3)

1.94 ± 0.60 (1–3)

–

–

0.19

<0.001

<0.001

0.85

UPDRS total

–

65.00 ± 17.59 (28–90)

49.66 ± 17.35 (15–79)

–

–

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

0.06

UPDRS I total

–

3.84 ± 3.97 (0–12)

3.27 ± 2.99 (0–12)

–

–

0.54

<0.001

<0.001

0.16

UPDRS II total

–

14.21 ± 4.66 (3–21)

10.39 ± 4.49 (1–20)

–

–

0.004

<0.001

<0.001

0.07

UPDRS III T

–

43.68 ± 14.36 (14–62)

34.71 ± 13.34 (12–55)

–

–

0.02

<0.001

<0.001

0.67

UPDRS IV Total

–

3.26 ± 2.51 (0–9)

1.29 ± 1.69 (0–6)

–

–

0.01

<0.001

<0.001

0.04

Levodopa equivalent dose [mg]

–

882.63 ± 398.59 (0–1530)

679.15 ± 322.42 (0–1140)

–

–

0.07

<0.001

<0.001

1.00

  1. Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (range) or absolute and percentage frequency (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Differences between Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls and between Parkinson’s disease groups at baseline were assessed using ANOVA models (for continuous demographic and general clinical variables) and Chi-square test (for all categorical variables). Test for linear trend was estimated in both Parkinson’s disease groups and group-by-time interaction was assessed to evaluate longitudinal between-group differences. P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons at p < 0.05.
  2. DBS deep brain stimulation, Candidates for DBS patients eligible for DBS, HC healthy controls, Non-candidates patients not eligible for DBS, PD Parkinson’s disease, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale.
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