Table 3 Non-motor and quality of life outcomes at baseline and 6-month follow-up in women and men with Parkinson’s disease.

From: Gender gap in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease

 

Women

Men

 
 

Baseline

6-MFU

Baseline vs. 6-MFUa

Baseline

6-MFU

Baseline vs. 6-MFUa

Women vs. menb

 

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

P

∆ [95% CI]

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

P

∆ [95% CI]

P

∆ [95% CI]

PDQ-8 SI

68

34.3

15.6

67

26.5

15.7

<0.001

7.9 [4.1; 11.7]

115

30.5

16.5

117

23.4

16.1

<0.001

7.5 [4.5; 10.5]

0.991

−0.4 [−5.2; 4.4]

 Mobility

68

1.9

1.0

68

1.5

1.2

0.049

0.4 [0.0; 0.7]

115

1.5

1.2

117

1.2

1.1

0.001

0.4 [0.1; 0.6]

0.971

0.0 [−0.4; 0.4]

 Activities of daily living

68

1.5

1.3

68

1.2

1.2

0.034

0.3 [0.0; 0.7]

115

1.5

1.2

117

1.0

1.1

<0.001

0.6 [0.3; 0.8]

0.262

0.2 [−0.2; 0.6]

 Emotional well-being

68

1.1

0.9

68

1.1

1.0

0.488

0.1 [−0.1; 0.3]

115

1.0

0.9

117

0.8

0.9

0.048

0.2 [0.0; 0.4]

0.437

0.1 [−0.2; 0.4]

 Social support

68

0.9

1.0

68

0.8

1.0

0.315

0.1 [−0.1; 0.4]

115

0.9

0.9

117

0.8

0.9

0.413

0.1 [−0.1; 0.2]

0.624

−0.1 [−0.4; 0.4]

 Cognition

68

1.3

1.0

68

1.0

1.0

0.010

0.4 [0.1; 0.6]

115

1.4

1.0

117

1.1

1.0

0.005

0.3 [0.1; 0.5]

0.731

−0.1 [−0.4; 0.2]

 Communication

68

1.0

1.0

68

0.9

1.1

0.336

0.1 [−0.1; 0.4]

115

1.2

1.1

117

1.0

1.0

0.050

0.2 [0.0; 0.4]

0.736

0.1 [−0.3; 0.4]

 Bodily discomfort

68

1.9

1.2

67

1.4

1.2

0.001

0.6 [0.3; 0.9]

115

1.4

1.2

117

1.0

1.1

0.002

0.4 [0.1; 0.6]

0.294

−0.2 [−0.6;0.2]

 Stigma

68

1.2

1.3

68

0.8

1.0

0.012

0.4 [0.1; 0.7]

115

0.9

1.2

117

0.6

1.0

0.002

0.3 [0.1; 0.5]

0.695

−0.1 [−0.4; 0.3]

NMSS total (median) [IQR]

68

(57.5)

[37.5; 75.5]

68

(37.0)

[24.3; 54.8]

<0.001

16.0 [−24.0; −10.5]

120

(48.5)

[29.5; 86.8]

119

(34.0)

[18.0; 54.0]

<0.001

15.0 [−22.0; −11.0]

0.991

1.0 [−9.0; 8.0]

 Cardiovascular

68

(0.0)

[0.0; 2.0]

68

(0.0)

[0.0; 2.0]

0.435

0.0 [−0.5; 0.0]

120

(0.0)

[0.0; 2.0]

119

(0.0)

[0,0; 1.0]

0.063

0.0 [−0.5; 0.0]

0.456

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

 Sleep/fatigue

68

(14.5)

[8.0; 23.5]

68

(8.0)

[4.0; 14.8]

<0.001

5.5 [−8.0; −3.5]

120

(15.0)

[8.3; 24.0]

119

(6.0)

[2.0; 12.0]

<0.001

5.5 [−9.0; −5.0]

0.399

−0.5 [−2.0; 4.0]

 Mood/apathy

68

(4.0)

[1.0; 8.0]

68

(2.0)

[0.0; 6.8]

0.129

1.0 [−2.5; 0.0]

120

(2.5)

[0.0; 10.0]

119

(1.0)

[0.0; 6.0]

0.022

1.0 [−2.5; 0.0]

0.860

1.0 [−1.0; 2.0]

 Perceptual problems/ hallucinations

68

(0.0)

[0.0; 0.8]

68

(0.0

[0.0; 0,0]

0.176

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

120

(0.0)

[0.0; 1.0]

119

(0.0)

[0.0; 0.0]

0.007

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

0.393

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

 Attention/memory

68

(3.0)

[0.3; 8.0]

68

(1.5)

[0.0; 4.0]

0.008

1.0 [−3.0; −0.5]

120

(3.0)

[0.0; 7.8]

119

(3.0)

[0.0; 6.0]

0.548

0.0 [−1.0; 0.5]

0.077

1.0 [−3.0; 0.0]

 Gastrointestinal

68

(4.0)

[0.0; 8.0]

68

(2.0)

[0.0; 8.0]

0.211

0.0 [−2.0; 0.0]

120

(4.0)

[0.0; 8.0]

119

(2.0)

[0.0; 8.0]

0.338

0.0 [−1.0; 0.0]

0.620

0.0 [−1.0;1.0]

 Urinary

68

(8.0)

[0.4; 17.0]

68

(6.0)

[2.0; 12.8]

0.012

1.5 [−4.5; −0.5]

120

(6.0)

[2.0; 14.0]

119

(4.0)

[0.0; 11.0]

0.006

1.5 [−3.5; −0.5]

0.668

1.5 [−3.0; 2.0]

 Sexual function

68

(0.0)

[0.0; 0.0]

68

(0.0)

[0.0; 1.0]

0.525

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

120

(0.0)

[0.0; 6.0]

119

(0.0)

[0.0; 4.0]

0.128

0.0 [−1.0; 0.0]

0.210

0.0 [0.0; 0.0]

 Miscellaneous

68

(10.0)

[4.3; 17.8]

68

(6.0)

[2.3; 12.0]

<0.001

4.0 [−6.0; −2.0]

120

(8.0)

[4.0; 16.0]

119

(4.0)

[1.0; 8.0]

<0.001

3.0 [−5.0; −2.0]

0.598

1.0 [−3.0; 2.0]

  1. Outcome parameters at baseline and follow-up for women and men with PD. Multiple comparisons due to multiple outcome parameters were corrected with the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Post-hoc, we explored PDQ-8 and NMSS domain outcomes. Significant results are highlighted in bold font.
  2. 6-MFU 6-month follow-up, CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, n number, NMSS Non-motor Symptom Scale, PDQ-8 SI Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-8 Summary Index.
  3. aDependent sample t-tests were used to analyze within-group changes of outcome parameters between baseline and 6-month follow-up.
  4. bIndependent sample t-tests were used to analyze between-group differences of change scores between women and men with PD.
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