Fig. 4: External validations of three candidate models.

We showed the sensitivity and generalizability on three independent datasets. a External validation 1 (Study 2, n = 45) is based on a sample of the same center as Study 1, and participants have higher head movements (mean FD > 0.2 mm, translation > 3 mm, or rotation > 3°). b External validation 2 (Study 3, n = 60) is based on another center with a different scanner, and participants were recruited under the same head motion inclusion criteria as Study 1. c External validation 3 (Study 4, n = 60) was performed on the cohort from PPMI, which covered seven sites and the white race. The plots showed the relationships between the observed scores versus predicted scores. Each dot represents an individual participant, and the line represents the regression line. Combining all external validations, DPN showed better generalizability than the other two models. PPMI Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative.