Fig. 4: Changes of four essential genera in two years and in the course of disease progression.

Relative abundances of genera Fusicatenibacter, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, and Akkermansia at years 0 and 2 in the control, stable, and deteriorated groups of combined HY stages 1–3 (a, c, e, and g), as well as at year 0 in controls, iRBD, and HY stages 1–5 (b, d, f, and h). The four genera constituted features to make the highest AUROC models (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table S5) and were significantly changed in PD in our dataset in our previous analysis³⁸. Means are indicated by red bars. a, c, e, and g P-values were calculated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ^*P < 0.05. Means are indicated by red bars. b, d, f, and h P-values are calculated by Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test to indicate whether the relative abundances increase or decrease monotonically. Plots of genera Faecalibacterium (d) and Akkermansia (h) with the progression of α-synucleinopathy were previously reported with fewer numbers of samples⁴².