Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and behavioral variables.

From: Longitudinal trimodal imaging of midbrain-associated network degeneration in Parkinson’s disease

Demographics of patients and healthy controls

 

PDa (mean ± SD)

HC (mean ± SD)

p-value

Test statistics

n

17

14

–

–

Age [years]

67.12 ± 8.19

64.50 ± 8.29

0.170

t = 1.401

Gender (f)

9

7

0.732

X2 = 0.12

Disease duration [years]

3.80 ± 2.93

–

–

–

Age at onset [years]

62.53 ± 8.87

–

–

–

Time elapsed [months]

13.82 ± 4.10

–

–

–

Clinical characteristics of patients by visit

 

Baseline (mean ± SD)

Follow-up (mean ± SD)

p-value

Test statistics

UPDRS-III OFF-

22.12 ± 7.17

26.53 ± 7.39

<0.001

t = −5.90

ARS

8.94 ± 4.22

12.71 ± 4.41

0.001

t = −3.98

TS

0.76 ± 1.03

1.76 ± 1.86

0.024

V = 5.00

PGS

2.00 ± 2.0

2.41 ± 2.4

0.251

V = 5.50

RBS

8.65 ± 3.52

9.71 ± 3.84

0.043

t = −2.20

LBS

7.94 ± 3.29

9.41 ± 3.48

0.016

t = −2.71

Laterality (right/left/equal)

8/7/2

9/7/1

0.822

X2 = 0.39

RBNTS

8.12 ± 3.16

8.76 ± 3.29

0.140

V = 20.00

LBNTS

7.71 ± 3.24

8.59 ± 3.04

0.120

t = −1.69

MMSE

28.35 ± 1.50

28.24 ± 1.89

0.859

V = 48.50

NMS

36.82 ± 38.20

43.06 ± 35.32

0.246

V = 51.50

PDSS

13.24 ± 8.88

30.53 ± 17.57

<0.001

t = −6.03

PDQ39

23.80 ± 19.43

22.61 ± 12.96

0.469

V = 65.00

BDI-II

8.47 ± 4.76

9.24 ± 6.30

0.650

V = 40.50

FOG-Q

5.12 ± 5.80

7.24 ± 6.41

0.009

V = 10.50

LEDD (mg)

375.74 ± 203.18

412.60 ± 238.39

0.280

t = −1.12

  1. Demographic and clinical characteristics. Statistical analyses between Parkinson’s disease patients (PD) and healthy controls (HC) were performed using Welch’s t- or Mann–Whitney-U-tests and in the case of dichotomous variables by Chi-square test. Differences in clinical variables between baseline and follow-up were analyzed with paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
  2. p values that are statistically significant are shown in bold.
  3. UPDRS-III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, PANDA Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment, TS Tremor score, NMS Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, PDSS Parkinson’s Disease sleeping scale, PDQ39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, BDI-II Beck’s Depression Inventory-II, FOG-Q Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, LEDD Levodopa equivalent daily dose, RBS right-body score, LBS left-body score, ARS akinetic-rigid score, RBNTS right-body non-tremor score, LBNTS left-body non-tremor score, PGS postural and gait score.
  4. aParkinson’s disease patients of fMRI cohort at baseline; HC with all modalities.
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