Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls
From: Oral and gut dysbiosis leads to functional alterations in Parkinson’s disease
PD patients (n = 91) | HCs (n = 85) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 65.1 ± 7.9 | 64.6 ± 8.0 | 0.66 |
Male | 49 (53.8%) | 40 (47.1%) | 0.45 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3 (22.3 − 26.4) | 23.9 (21.3 − 25.6) | 0.09 |
Education, years | 12.0 (12.0 − 16.0) | 12.0 (12.0 − 16.0) | 0.88 |
Clinical symptoms | |||
IBS | 3 (3.3%) | (3.5%) | >0.99 |
Constipation | 43 (47.3%) | 11 (12.9%) | <0.001* |
Bristol stool scale | 4.0 (2.0 − 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0 − 4.0) | <0.001* |
Swallowing test | 0.0 (0.0 − 3.0) | 0.0 (0.0 − 0.0) | 0.003* |
Smell test | 9.0 (6.0 − 10.0) | 10.0 (10.0 − 10.0) | <0.001* |
Disease duration | 2.0 (0.0 − 6.0) | — | |
UPDRS | |||
Part 1 | 5.0 (3.0 − 7.0) | — | |
Part 2 | 7.0 (4.0 − 11.0) | — | |
Part 3 | 32.0 (25.0 − 40.0) | — | |
Part 4 | 0.0 (0.0 − 2.0) | — | |
Total score | 44.0 (34.0 − 60.0) | — | |
Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.0 (2.0 − 3.0) | — | |
Medication for PD | |||
Levodopa | 74 (81.3%) | — | |
Dopamine agonist | 35 (38.5%) | — | |
COMT inhibitor | 7 (7.7%) | — | |
MAO-B inhibitor | 25 (27.5%) | — | |
Amantadine | 19 (20.9%) | — | |
Levodopa equivalent daily dose, mg | 450.0 (275.0 − 802.5) | — | |
Daily dietary intake | (n = 83) | (n = 78) | |
Total energy, kCal | 2168.5 ± 500.5 | 2160.3 ± 566.6 | 0.92 |
Carbohydrate, g | 295.1 ± 69.9 | 288.4 ± 79.6 | 0.57 |
Protein, g | 88.2 ± 25.8 | 88.9 ± 25.1 | 0.85 |
Animal source | 47.2 ± 15.5 | 47.1 ± 16.5 | 0.96 |
Plant source | 40.9 ± 16.5 | 41.8 ± 16.4 | 0.73 |
Fat, g | 68.5 ± 26.4 | 67.7 ± 24.2 | 0.84 |
Animal source | 40.2 ± 20.0 | 38.7 ± 18.4 | 0.63 |
Plant source | 28.3 ± 12.9 | 29.0 ± 12.8 | 0.75 |
Fiber, g | 38.4 ± 17.0 | 38.0 ± 17.6 | 0.87 |
Soluble | 5.0 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.4 | 0.08 |
Insoluble | 18.9 ± 8.1 | 19.2 ± 8.6 | 0.80 |
