Table 1 Characteristics of studies on correlation between high urate levels or gout and the risk of PD.
From: Dose-response meta-analysis on urate, gout, and the risk for Parkinson’s disease
First author, year | Country | Case/total | Gender | Age | Follow-up years | PD definition | Adjustment for confounders | Newcastle-Ottawa scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort study for gout and PD incidence | ||||||||
De Vera, 200819 | Canada | 1182/67457 | M/W | 74.1 | 8 | The ICD-9 code | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, COPD, Charlson comorbidity score, use of diuretics, and use of NSAIDs | Selection: 4 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Pakpoor, 201522 | England | 1568/217179 | Combined | 69.4 | 5 | The ICD 9 and 10 revision codes | Age, sex, calendar year of admission, region of residence, and socioeconomic status | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 1 star Outcome: 2 stars |
Singh, 201921 | US | 1129/21507 | Combined | 75.3 | 2.38 | ICD-9-CM diagnostic code | Age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and statin use | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Hu, 202017 | China | 339/7900 | M/W | 50 | 13.36 | A code: A221; ICD-9-CM code: 332 | Sex, age, urbanization, typical comorbidities, and monthly income | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 2 stars |
Case-control study for gout and PD incidence | ||||||||
Alonso, 200718 | UK | 1052/6634 | M/W | 70.0/68.7 | 6 | Computer-recorded PD with confirmation of the related paper records | Age, sex, practice, year of enrollment in the GPRD, and smoking | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 2 stars |
Schernhammer, 201316 | Denmark | 4484/22416 | M/W | – | 7 | Diagnostic code and prescription of PD medication | Age, sex, and COPD | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 1 star Outcome: 2 stars |
Lai, 201423 | China | 3854/15416 | M/W | 75.0/74.0 | 10 | ICD-9 | Sex, age, diabetes, stroke, dementia, hyperlipidemia, depression, renal failure, head injury, hypertension, and polypharmacy | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 1 star Outcome: 2 stars |
Cohort study for urate and PD incidence | ||||||||
Weisskopf, 200724 | US | 84/165 | M | 30–55 | 9 | Diagnostic validations for self-reported PD by treating neurologists or internists | Age, smoking, and caffeine intake | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 2 stars |
de Lau, 200525 | Netherlands | 68/4695 | Combined | 55– | 9.4 | Screened positive received a structural diagnostic workup | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, dairy products, BMI | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Davis, 199612 | US | 92/6851 | M | 45–68 | 24 | By neurologists or neurosurgeons | Age, smoking | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 1 star Outcome: 2 stars |
Chen, 200927 | US | 95/15036 | M/W | 45–64 | 17 | ICD diagnosis or self-reported PD with confirmation by movement disorder specialist | Age, sex, race, smoking, caffeine, BMI, alcohol, serum creatinine | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Jain, 201128 | US | 154/5749 | M/W | 67–78 | 14 | Self-report, medication, and hospitalization records | Age, smoking, race, BMI, alcohol, creatinine, diabetes, hypertension, uricosurics, EKG | Selection: 4 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Case-control study for urate and PD incidence | ||||||||
O’Reilly, 201013 | US | 101/504 | W | 68 | 14 | Self-reported PD with confirmation by treating physicians and movement disorder specialist | Age, smoking, and caffeine | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Winquist, 201026 | US | 97/57040 | M/W | 18– | 2 | Self-reported PD and reported current use of a standard PD medication | Age, gender, smoking, BMI, alcohol | Selection: 4 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
Gao, 201629 | US | 388/1267 | M/W | 30–79 | 24 | By treating neurologist/internists or movement disorder specialist | Age, smoking status, height, weight, presence of chronic diseases, and consumption of caffeinated coffee and alcohol, BMI | Selection: 3 stars Comparability: 2 stars Outcome: 3 stars |
