Fig. 3: DOPA-MSC transplantation reverses functional deficits in acute hemiparkinsonian monkeys.

a A schematic of DOPA-MSC therapy in PD monkeys. This figure was created with BioRender.com. b Changes in PD scores from 12 weeks before to 36 weeks after DOPA-MSCs (n = 3) or MSCs (n = 3) were transplanted into putamen-lesioned PD monkeys. The values are the average of multiple blinded evaluations (n = 6). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was performed. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; c Changes in spontaneous locomotor activity from 3 months before transplantation to 30 months after transplantation of putamen-lesioned monkeys receiving DOPA-MSC (n = 3) or MSC (n = 3) transplantation. The value is the mean of 6 tests per month (n = 6). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was performed. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; d Changes in PD scores of MPTP-induced parkinsonism monkeys (n = 3) receiving DOPA-MSCs from 3 months before transplantation to 30 months after transplantation. The values are the mean of multiple blinded evaluations (n = 6). Significance before and after transplantation was assessed by a two-tailed Student’s t-test. The red and blue arrows indicate the second transplantation and intravenous injection of DOPA-MSCs for the Carotid MPTP-1 monkey, respectively. e Changes in spontaneous locomotor activity from 3 months before transplantation to 30 months after transplantation of MPTP-induced parkinsonism (n = 3) receiving DOPA-MSC transplantation. Significance before and after cell transplantation was assessed by a two-tailed Student’s t-test. The red color represents the Carotid MPTP-1 monkey, the green color represents the Carotid MPTP-2 monkey, and the blue color represents the Carotid MPTP-3 monkey, respectively. f Quantification analysis of dopamine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of DOPA-MSC-treated monkeys (n = 6), MSC-grafted monkeys (n = 3), and wild monkeys (n = 3). Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. Significance was assessed by a two-tailed Student’s t-test. The red arrow indicates the data of Carotid MPTP-1 monkeys.