Table 1 The systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy for inflammatory markers.
From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease
No. | Author | Year | Sample source | Assay type | Samples | Marker | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | Cutoff values | Unit | Summary | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | HC | ||||||||||||
Single inflammatory markers | |||||||||||||
1 | Lee, H. W. | 2011 | Plasma | ELISA | 66 | 41 | PTX3 | 0.642 (0.54–0.75) | 0.758 | 0.390 | 5.415 | pg/mg | Plasma PTX3 levels could be a new biochemical marker for PD. |
2 | Sathe, K. | 2012 | CSF | ELISA | 82 | 64 | S100β | 0.76 | NA | NA | NA | NA | The ROC curve indicated a moderate discriminative effect. |
3 | Bartl, M. | 2021 | CSF | ELISA | 252 | 115 | S100β | 0.544 | NA | NA | NA | NA | The biomarker did not differentiate between PD and controls. |
4 | Olsson, B. | 2013 | CSF | ELISA | 50 | 37 | YKL-40 | NA | 0.605 | 0.815 | 126368 | ng/L | CSF levels of YKL-40 were lower in patients who had PD compared with controls. |
5 | Zhao, Y. | 2022 | Plasma | ELISA | 36 | 36 | YKL-40 | 0.72 (0.60–0.84) | NA | NA | NA | NA | YKL-40 was implicated in PD pathogenesis. |
6 | Bartl, M. | 2021 | CSF | ELISA | 252 | 115 | YKL-40 | 0.565 | NA | NA | NA | NA | The biomarker did not differentiate between PD and controls. |
7 | Magdalinou, N. K. | 2015 | CSF | MSD | 20 | 15 | sAPPα | NA | 0.740 | 0.650 | 485 | ng/mL | The decreasing levels of sAPPα in PD could be used as markers of disease progression. |
8 | Delgado-Alvarado, M. | 2017 | CSF | Luminex Xmap | 40 | 40 | TNF-α | 0.66 (0.55–0.82) | NA | NA | NA | NA | The CSF TNF-α might serve as biomarkers to diagnose PD. |
9 | Solmaz, V. | 2018 | Blood | Nephelometric | 101 | 60 | CRP | 0.683 | 0.650 | 0.700 | 8.7 | mg/L | CRP levels was very important indicators of peripheral inflammation in PD. |
10 | Baran, A. | 2019 | Serum | Nephelometric | 30 | 30 | CRP | 0.70 (0.56–0.86) | 0.667 | 0.777 | 0.63 | mg/L | CRP might be fair markers in the diagnosis of PD. |
11 | Jin, H. | 2020 | Serum | NA | 183 | 89 | CRP | 0.91 (0.87–0.94) | 0.749 | 0.997 | 5.8 | mg/mL | CRP exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD. |
12 | Yang, W. L. | 2020 | Plasma | Nephelometric | 204 | 204 | CRP | 0.56 (0.51–0.62) | 0.299 | 0.882 | 3.05 | mg/L | Higher CRP levels might be important markers to assess the PD severity. |
13 | Perner, C. | 2019 | Plasma | ELISA | 33 | 33 | sVCAM-1 | 0.96 | 0.880 | 0.910 | 919 | ng/mL | Plasma levels of the sVCAM1 were highly increased in patients with PD. |
14 | Chatterjee, K. | 2020 | Serum | ELISA | 27 | 15 | NLRP3 | 0.96 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Significant serum NLRP3 and IL-1β increment in PD provided evidence for peripheral inflammasome activation. |
IL-1β | 0.94 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||
15 | Peng, G. | 2020 | CSF | ELISA | 55 | 40 | sTREM2 | 0.70 (0.59–0.81) | 0.705 | 0.659 | NA | NA | CSF sTREM2 could serve as a promising biomarker. |
Serum | sTREM2 | 0.55 (0.43–0.67) | 0.300 | 0.878 | NA | NA | |||||||
16 | Bartl, M. | 2021 | CSF | ELISA | 252 | 115 | sTREM2 | 0.538 | NA | NA | NA | NA | The biomarker did not differentiate between PD and controls. |
17 | Mo, M. S. | 2021 | CSF | ELISA | 80 | 65 | sTREM2 | 0.79 (0.71–0.87) | NA | NA | NA | NA | CSF sTREM2 might be a potential biomarker for PD. |
18 | Bartl, M. | 2021 | CSF | ELISA | 252 | 115 | IL-6 | 0.525 | NA | NA | NA | NA | The biomarker did not differentiate between PD and controls. |
19 | Wu, Z. B. | 2021 | Serum | NA | 58 | 60 | SAA | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | 0.638 | 0.750 | NA | NA | The levels of SAA were higher in the PD patients than those of the control group. |
20 | Li, Y. Y. | 2022 | Plasma | MSD | 76 | 76 | CXCL12 | 0.83 | 0.829 | 0.658 | 1051 | pg/mL | Increased levels of CXCL12, CX3CL1 and IL-8 were independent diagnostic biomarkers of PD. |
CX3CL1 | 0.63 | 0.645 | 0.632 | 3966.9 | pg/mL | ||||||||
IL-8 | 0.85 | 0.737 | 0.855 | 1.7 | pg/mL | ||||||||
Multiple inflammatory markers | |||||||||||||
1 | Delgado-Alvarado, M. | 2017 | CSF/Plasma | Luminex Xmap | 39 | 38 | 3 markers | 0.92 (0.84–0.99) | 0.929 | 0.750 | NA | NA | P-Tau/α-synuclein and TNF-α |
2 | Dos Santos, M. C. T. | 2018 | CSF | Millipore | 80 | 80 | 16 markers | 0.71 | 0.900 | 0.500 | NA | NA | Aβ40, Aβ42, α-synuclein, P-Tau, T-Tau, OPN, NFL, IL-6, DJ-1, UCHL1, FLT3LG, MMP-2, S100β, ApoA1, Aβ40/Aβ42 and p-Tau/t-Tau |
4 markers | 0.77 | 0.850 | 0.750 | NA | NA | S100β, α-synuclein, MMP-2 and UCHL1 | |||||||
3 | Calvani, R. | 2020 | Serum | Luminex Xmap | 20 | 30 | 7 markers | close to 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Citrulline, Phosphoethanolamine, Proline, IL-8, IL-9, MIP-1α, MIP-1β |
4 | Majbour, N. K. | 2020 | CSF | Luminex Xmap | 60 | 43 | 5 markers | 0.88 (0.81-0.96) | NA | NA | NA | NA | t-, o- and pS129-α-syn, TNF-α, IL-16 |
5 | Yang, W. L. | 2020 | Plasma | Nephelometric | 204 | 204 | 5 markers | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) | 0.475 | 0.843 | NA | NA | SOD, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, CRP |
6 | Chen, S. J. | 2021 | Plasma | ELISA | 248 | 149 | 4 markers | 0.67 (0.62–0.73) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Age, sex, LBP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17A |
7 | Li, Y. Y. | 2022 | Plasma | MSD | 76 | 76 | 4 markers | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | NA | NA | NA | NA | CXCL12, CX3CL1, IL-8 and CCL15 |
