Fig. 2: Forest plot of Mendelian randomization results with the inverse-variance weighted method. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 2: Forest plot of Mendelian randomization results with the inverse-variance weighted method.

From: Mendelian randomization reveals association between retinal thickness and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Fig. 2: Forest plot of Mendelian randomization results with the inverse-variance weighted method.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

The inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness or ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness on the (a) binary outcomes and (b) continuous outcomes of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The forest plot demonstrates a significant association between RNFL thickness and the risk of constipation in PD, with a potential correlation to the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total score. Furthermore, the data suggest a potential association between GCIPL thickness and the risks of constipation, depression, insomnia, and Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in PD. Each circle in the graph represents an inverse-variance weighted estimate for the effect of RNFL or GCIPL thickness on PD. The horizontal line represents the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the estimates. For binomial outcomes, MR estimates are reported as odds ratios (ORs) along with their corresponding 95% Cls. For continuous outcomes, the MR estimates are reported as betas with their 95% CIs. Abbreviations: FDR False discovery rate, HY3 Hoehn-Yahr stage of 3 or more, AAO Age at Onset, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, SEADL Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale.

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