Table 3 Results of the mediation analysis of circulating blood markers in the association between PM10 and incident Parkinson’s Disease

From: Prominent role of PM10 in the link between air pollution and incident Parkinson’s Disease

Putative Mediator

Total Effect HR [95% CI]

Pure Natural Direct Effect HR [95% CI]

Pure Natural Indirect Effect HR [95% CI]

% mediation [95% CI] (p-value)

PDW

1.095 [1.045; 1.144]

1.103 [1.026; 1.172]

0.993 [0.951; 1.046]

−7.9 [−73.7; 59.2]% P = 0.75

Cys-Ca

1.088 [1.019; 1.141]

1.083 [1.011 1.136]

1.005 [1.000; 1.010]

5.5 [−0.2; 31.9]% P = 0.06

Lp(a)a

1.089 [1.032; 1.138]

1.087 [1.030; 1.136]

1.002 [1.001; 1.005]

2.8 [0.9; 8.4]% P = 0.004

  1. Hazard Ratios and proportion of association mediated are reported for each marker tested, along with 95% Confidence Intervals, as computed through CMAverse package77. HRs represent the counterfactual effects conditional on covariates specified in the fully adjusted Cox PH model (Model 4). % mediation was computed as Direct Effect x (Indirect Effect - 1)/(Total Effect - 1). Significant mediations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
  2. PDW platelet distribution width, Cys-C cystatin C, Lp(a) lipoprotein a.
  3. aFor Cys-C, estimates refer to the counterfactual model accounting also for exposure-mediator interaction, since significant evidence of such interaction was detected (p < 0.05).
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