Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as cognitive test performance of the study cohort
PD-NC (n = 48) | PD-EL (n = 34) | PD-VAM (n = 40) | P value | Post hoc test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 62.9 ± 7.5 | 64.4 ± 7.5 | 64.8 ± 6.8 | 0.439 | NA |
Gender (male/female) | 29/19 | 15/19 | 24/16 | 0.275 | NA |
Education in years | 11.7 ± 2.7 | 11.5 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 3.5 | 0.108 | NA |
BMI | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 24.6 ± 2.7 | 0.228 | NA |
Clinical data | |||||
Disease Duration (Months) | 56.3 ± 31.4 | 54.4 ± 29.3 | 49.7 ± 32.4 | 0.604 | NA |
Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.578 | NA |
MDS-UPDRS III | 32.8 ± 17.9 | 31.3 ± 14.7 | 31.5 ± 15.9 | 0.911 | NA |
Medication | |||||
LEDD (mg/day) | 437.7 ± 299.9 | 420.4 ± 230.6 | 398.8 ± 210.4 | 0.775 | NA |
Neuropsychiatric assessment | |||||
HAMA | 6.0 ± 4.6 | 7.1 ± 4.6 | 8.2 ± 5.6 | 0.111 | NA |
HAMD | 6.8 ± 4.6 | 7.5 ± 4.3 | 9.0 ± 5.8 | 0.110 | NA |
Overall efficiency | |||||
MMSE | 28.4 ± 1.2 | 26.6 ± 1.3 | 25.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL; PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
MoCA | 26.0 ± 1.6 | 23.0 ± 2.6 | 20.6 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL; PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Executive functions | |||||
Clock Drawing Test | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL; PD-VAM > PD-EL |
Category Fluency Test (animals) | 18.6 ± 4.7 | 14.3 ± 3.7 | 16.6 ± 3.4 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL |
Episodic memory | |||||
Logical memory | 10.7 ± 3.7 | 9.8 ± 2.9 | 5.5 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Auditory Verbal Learning Test | 32.8 ± 6.7 | 31.7 ± 6.3 | 19.6 ± 6.4 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Visuospatial functions | |||||
Clock copying (Royall’s CLOX) | 14.9 ± 0.9 | 14.4 ± 1.0 | 12.6 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Block Design Test | 29.5 ± 6.0 | 27.0 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 6.9 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Language | |||||
30-item Boston Naming Test | 24.7 ± 1.8 | 21.6 ± 3.0 | 23.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL; PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL < PD-VAM |
Similarities Test | 17.5 ± 2.9 | 14.7 ± 4.7 | 15.5 ± 2.9 | 0.001 | PD-NC > PD-EL; PD-NC > PD-VAM |
Attention/working memory | |||||
Symbol Digit Test | 33.1 ± 10.8 | 29.4 ± 8.7 | 25.0 ± 8.9 | 0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM |
Digit Span Test (total) | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 12.0 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Forward digit span | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
Backward digit span | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | PD-NC > PD-VAM; PD-EL > PD-VAM |
