Table 15 Biomarker datasets

¹

GEO databases^264,265

–

–

–

–

–

–

Protein sequences from NCBI & UniProt (FASTA file format),

removed duplicates and incomplete sequences,

Dataset: 640 PD-related and 1010 non-PD sequences

⁶

GEO databases²⁶⁴

35

28

–

–

–

–

Training sets: GSE20163, GSE20164, GSE42966,

validation: GSE26927

¹⁴⁵

²⁶⁶

14

14

–

–

–

–

16 F and 12 M

¹⁴⁶

UC San Diego dataset^267,268

15

16

8

7

9

7

HC: average age (63.5 ± 9.6)

PD: average age (63.2 ± 8.2)

¹⁴⁷

Clinical

20

21

10

10

10

11

HC: average age (67.5 ± 6.4),

PD: average age (67.6 ± 7.0),

University of British Columbia

¹⁴⁸

^269,270

24

24

–

–

–

–

HC: average age (69.33 ± 9.78)

PD: average age (69.75 ± 8.91)

¹⁴⁹

Clinical

104

11

–

–

–

–

PD: average age (59.43 ± 12.15)

HC: average age (57.26 ± 9.15)

¹⁴⁴

^{271,272,273,274,275,276}

–

–

–

–

–

–

Gene expression data from GEO: GSE18838, GSE57475, GSE72267, GSE99039, and GSE6613,

406 PD samples,

336 HC samples

¹⁵⁰

Clinical

39

40

17

22

12

28

HC: average age (59.00 ± 4.54)

PD: average age (61.31 ± 6.01)

¹⁵¹

²⁷⁷

25

25

9

16

9

16

PD: average age (69.98 ± 8.73)

HC: average age (69.32 ± 9.58)

Cognitive Rhythms Lab (UNM),

collecting data in 2015

^278,279

20

20

11

9

12

8

PD: average age (69.80 ± 7.60)

HC: average age (67.80 ± 6.35)

Information was gathered at the University of Turku in Finland

¹⁵²

²⁸⁰

24

24

–

–

–

–

–

¹⁵³

Clinical

19

–

–

–

–

–

–

¹⁵⁴

PPMI²²⁰

490

197

–

–

–

–

HC: average age 61.3

PD: average age 62

Clinical

59

31

21

38

17

20

From 2015 to 2018

¹⁵⁵

Clinical

187

125

76

111

67

58

–

¹⁵⁶

Clinical

31

13

16

15

6

7

–

¹⁵⁷

SEED-IV²⁸¹

–

–

–

–

–

–

SEED-IV dataset with 15 subjects,

Evaluated using film clip stimuli,

Emotions: happy, neutral, fearful and sad

AMIGOS²⁸²

–

–

–

–

–

–

AMIGOS dataset:

33 subjects, auditory and visual stimuli

Two trial types: short and long videos

²⁸³

20

20

11

9

10

10

Multimodal stimuli: images, audio, video

Mean age: 58.7

¹⁵⁸

UC San Diego dataset^267,284

16

10

8

8

9

1

PD: average age 58.7

HC: average age 63.5 ± 9.6

¹⁵⁹

Clinical

29

–

20

9

–

–

Female average age: 62

Male average age: 63

¹⁶⁰

²⁸⁵

23

26

7

16

13

13

10 patients with ICD

(8 M and 2 F)

¹⁶¹

GEO databases²⁶⁴

20

20

10

10

12

8

GEO datasets: GSE8397, GSE20292, GSE20163, GSE20164, and GSE49036,

Average age (68.2 ± 7.2)

Average age (66.0 ± 12.8)

¹⁶²

Clinical

65

65

9

56

9

56

Parkinson’s patients were selected from Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan,

The first cohort included de novo PD patients

(HC: average age (62.2 ± 11.8)

PD: average age (61.7 ± 11.4)

The second cohort included male PD patients with and without medication

(HC: average age (66.8 ± 9.08)

PD: average age of (64.2 ± 10.6)

¹⁶³

UC San Diego dataset^267,286,287

15

16

8

7

9

7

Collected from the University of San Diego,

EEG was recorded in the resting state

²⁷⁰

27

27

17

10

17

10

Collected from the University of New Mexico (UNM)

¹⁶⁴

PPMI²²⁰

294

154

99

195

58

96

PD: average rage (61 ± 9.7)

HC: average rage (60.3 ± 11)

PDEP²⁸⁸

263

115

112

151

64

51

PD: average rage (64.3 ± 8.6)

HC: average rage (63.6 ± 9.5)

¹⁶⁵

National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening (NHIS-HEALS) database²⁸⁹

1102

1102

505

597

492

610

Adults aged 40 and older,

data includes lab and anthropometric measures, sex, lifestyle, socioeconomic status

¹⁶⁶

PPMI²²⁰

423

–

–

–

–

–

The dataset consisted of de novo PD patients

¹⁶⁷

Loyola University Chicago (LUC), Clinical

29

165

11

18

64

101

ECG data from individuals aged 26–89 years,

MLH dataset: collected 2015–2020,

LUC dataset: collected 2014–2020

University of Tennessee-Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare (MLH), Clinical

131

1058

54

77

496

562

¹⁶⁸

PPMI²²⁰

697

–

–

–

–

–

Patients assessed before dyskinesia onset