Fig. 2: Results of inter-group comparison of the ALPS index.

A The ALPS index among the 3 groups. B The ALPS index among the 3 subgroups aged less than 65 years old. C The ALPS index among the 3 subgroups aged 65 years or older. ANCOVA was used to examine group differences, controlling for age, sex, and education level. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. ALPS, diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space; HC healthy controls, dnPD de novo Parkinson’s disease, pPD prodromal Parkinson’s disease.