Table 2 Cognitive performance within the PD-FOG, PD-nFOG, and HC groups in experiment 2

From: Theta-frequency subthalamic stimulation enhances conflict resolution in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait through frontal cortex modulation

 

PD-FOG

PD-nFOG

HC

p-value

p-value post-hoc analysis

Variables

(n = 22)

(n = 20)

(n = 22)

ANOVA

PD-FOG vs PD-nFOG

PD-FOG vs HC

PD-nFOG vs HC

Executive function

FAB

14.64 ± 1.56

16.05 ± 1.19

16.82 ± 0.85

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.147

Stroop color (seconds)c

47.00 ± 13.35

42.60 ± 10.30

34.50 ± 6.54

<0.001*

0.831

<0.001*

0.018*

Stroop interference (seconds)

95.18 ± 25.20

80.15 ± 10.12

61.68 ± 11.21

<0.001*

0.018*

<0.001*

0.003*

TMT B (seconds)

216.77 ± 84.50

192.15 ± 41.33

127.77 ± 26.84

<0.001*

0.499

<0.001*

0.002*

VFT-nonepisodic

16.05 ± 3.42

16.90 ± 5.43

22.14 ± 4.45

<0.001*

>0.999

<0.001*

0.001*

VFT-episodic

14.73 ± 3.87

15.80 ± 4.80

21.36 ± 4.54

<0.001*

>0.999

<0.001*

<0.001*

VFT-switch

13.09 ± 2.71

13.70 ± 4.65

17.77 ± 3.44

0.001*

>0.999

<0.001*

0.002*

Attention and working memory

TMT B-A (seconds)c

115.73 ± 62.91

98.70 ± 24.35

65.68 ± 20.84

0.001*

>0.999

0.008*

<0.001*

TMT A (seconds)

101.05 ± 31.30

93.45 ± 22.89

62.09 ± 18.64

<0.001*

0.982

<0.001*

<0.001*

SDMTc

24.14 ± 9.05

26.75 ± 6.77

36.41 ± 8.58

<0.001*

>0.999

<0.001*

0.005*

DST-backwardc

3.05 ± 1.01

3.20 ± 1.02

3.96 ± 1.05

0.015*

>0.999

0.021*

0.069

Visuospatial

JLO

18.45 ± 2.81

21.50 ± 2.54

24.18 ± 2.68

<0.001*

0.032*

<0.001*

0.026*

TPCPc

7.82 ± 1.33

8.95 ± 1.10

9.73 ± 0.70

<0.001*

0.030*

<0.001*

0.043*

Language

Boston Naming Testc

25.82 ± 2.13

26.05 ± 2.46

27.41 ± 2.04

0.044

>0.999

0.060

0.153

Memory

DST-forwardc

5.30 ± 1.05

5.40 ± 1.21

5.68 ± 0.72

0.367

>0.999

0.556

0.836

AVLT-20 min delayed recallc

4.32 ± 1.29

5.50 ± 2.65

5.84 ± 1.73

0.019*

0.442

0.014*

0.573

AVLT-Recognitionc

21.05 ± 1.76

21.25 ± 2.53

22.59 ± 1.14

0.011*

>0.999

0.009*

0.150

  1. Values are presented with means ± standard deviations; p-value refers to one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons tests or to cKruskall–Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunn test. *Groups significantly different at p < 0.05.
  2. PD-FOG Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait, PD-nFOG Parkinson’s disease patients without freezing of gait, HCs healthy controls, FAB Frontal Assessment Battery, VFT Verbal Fluency Test, TMT B-A Time to Complete the Trail Making Test Part B minus Part A, SDMT Symbol Digit Modalities Test, DST-backward Verbal Digital Span Test-Backward, JLO Benton’s Judgement of Line Orientation, TPCT Ten-Point Clock Test, DST-forward verbal Digital Span Test-forward, AVLT Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
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