Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics according to anxiolytic drugs

From: Association between anxiety disorder, anxiolytic drugs, and risk of incident Parkinson’s disease

Name

Levels

Non-PD (n = 191686)

PD(n = 1836)

P-Value

Age (year)

Mean ± SD

71.97 ± 8.02

78.52 ± 5.42

<0.001

Sex

Female

107,714 (56.2%)

692 (37.7%)

<0.001

 

Male

83,972 (43.8%)

1144 (62.3%)

 

Ethnicity

Non-white

8478 (4.4%)

47 (2.6%)

<0.001

 

White

183,208 (95.6%)

1789 (97.4%)

 

Education

College

63,133 (32.9%)

532 (29%)

<0.001

 

Non-College

128,553 (67.1%)

1304 (71%)

 

Alcohol intake

0

35,877 (18.7%)

428 (23.3%)

<0.001

 

1

21,973 (11.5%)

172 (9.4%)

 
 

2

50,941 (26.6%)

449 (24.5%)

 
 

3

45,265 (23.6%)

399 (21.7%)

 
 

4

37,630 (19.6%)

388 (21.1%)

 

Smoking status

Never

108,019 (56.4%)

1001 (54.5%)

<0.001

 

Previous

65,028 (33.9%)

726 (39.5%)

 
 

Current

18,639 (9.7%)

109 (5.9%)

 

BMI

18.5–24.9

60,177 (31.4%)

462 (25.2%)

<0.001

 

<18.5

861 (0.4%)

10 (0.5%)

 
 

25–29.9

82,809 (43.2%)

872 (47.5%)

 
 

>30

47,839 (25%)

492 (26.8%)

 

TDI

Mean ± SD

−1.43 ± 2.97

−1.50 ± 2.97

0.322

PRS

Mean ± SD

−0.15 ± 1.02

0.24 ± 1.01

<0.001

Hypertension

Yes

54,452 (28.4%)

952 (51.9%)

<0.001

Coffee intake

0

42,438 (22.1%)

381 (20.8%)

1.000

 

0–2

87,726 (45.8%)

916 (49.9%)

 
 

2–4

39,780 (20.8%)

341 (18.6%)

 
 

>4

21,742 (11.3%)

198 (10.8%)

 

Migraine

Yes

13,184 (6.9%)

90 (4.9%)

0.001

Depression

Yes

27,580 (14.4%)

483 (26.3%)

<0.001

Sleep disorder

Yes

10,657 (5.6%)

195 (10.6%)

<0.001

SSRIs

0

155,512 (81.1%)

1303 (71%)

<0.001

 

0–5

11,378 (5.9%)

142 (7.7%)

 
 

5–10

6750 (3.5%)

104 (5.7%)

 
 

>10

18,046 (9.4%)

287 (15.6%)

 

TCAs

0

155,521 (81.1%)

1360 (74.1%)

<0.001

 

0–5

22,527 (11.8%)

236 (12.9%)

 
 

5–10

4584 (2.4%)

76 (4.1%)

 
 

>10

9054 (4.7%)

164 (8.9%)

 

BDZs

0

165,129 (86.1%)

1389 (75.7%)

<0.001

 

0–5

22,319 (11.6%)

291 (15.8%)

 
 

5–10

2296 (1.2%)

42 (2.3%)

 
 

>10

1942 (1%)

114 (6.2%)

 

SNRIs

0

186,025 (97%)

1731 (94.3%)

<0.001

 

0–5

2389 (1.2%)

31 (1.7%)

 
 

5–10

927 (0.5%)

17 (0.9%)

 
 

>10

2345 (1.2%)

57 (3.1%)

 
  1. Alcohol intake: 0: Never drink or only drink on special occasions; 1: 1–3 times a month; 2: 1–2 times a week; 3: 3–4 times a week; 4: every day or almost every day.
  2. Coffee intake: 0: No coffee; 0-2: 0–2 cups a day (including 2 cups but not including 0 cups); 2–4: 2–4 cups a day (including 4 cups but not including 2 cups); >4: more than 4 cups a day.
  3. BMI body mass index, TDI townsend deprivation index, PRS polygenic risk score, SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, BDZs benzodiazepines, TCAs tricyclic antidepressants, SNRIs Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
Back to article page