Fig. 1: Key factors influencing stimulation-induced bradykinesia in dystonia patients undergoing DBS. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 1: Key factors influencing stimulation-induced bradykinesia in dystonia patients undergoing DBS.

From: Bradykinesia induced by pallidal neurostimulation in dystonia: clinical risk factors and anatomical mapping

Fig. 1

a Sex Imbalance: A significantly higher percentage of female (77.8%) versus male (42.9%) patients exhibited bradykinesia post-surgery (χ² = 6.984, p = 0.008, Odds Ratio: 4.67). b Pulse Width Impact (Cohort I): Higher stimulation pulse width significantly predicted increased bradykinesia severity (BDS) in a multivariate GLM (p = 0.004). c Age of Onset (Cohort I): Older age at dystonia onset was significantly correlated with greater bradykinesia severity (BDS) (Spearman: ρ = 0.329, p = 0.016). d Age of Onset (Cohort II): A similar significant positive correlation was observed between older age of symptom onset and bradykinesia scores (MDS-UPDRS III) (Spearman: ρ = 0.699, p = 0.017). The gray shaded region represents an estimated normative age-related range. This upward trend uses a slope (approx. 0.22 points/year) derived from age-related changes reported in healthy individuals73. It is applied here for illustrative contextual comparison to demonstrate how strong the bradykinesia severity in this cohort was compared to any age-related changes.

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