Fig. 1: Diagnostic prediction strength. Clinical diagnostic reference test vs data-driven model.

Forest plot displaying Cohen’s d effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals for various features assessed by the data-driven model and the clinical diagnostic reference test. A bootstrap approach was employed to assess the statistical significance, which was determined by p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg method p. The alpha level was set at α = 0.05. The analysed features include the MoCA total score, MDS-UPDRS 1.1 and the sum of the PDQ-39 subitems 30–33.