Fig. 2: Validation of the data-driven model for MCI subgroup identification.

The figure shows the comparison of the cognitive performance of the subgroups of participants with PD. The distribution of the global cognitive function (MoCA total score) and the physician-reported cognitive impairment status (MDS-UPDRS 1.1) among the different subgroups is displayed in Panel A and B, respectively. These variables were selected as they were not included in the model training, and are expected to differ between PD-NC and PD-MCI individuals. Statistical comparisons were performed using two-tailed Mann–Whitney U tests (due to the non-normal distribution of the features), with p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. The alpha level was set at α = 0.05. Outliers are represented as individual diamonds, and the interquartile ranges are shown within each box.