Table 1 Main clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy control participants at the baseline visit in the LuxPark cohort

From: Data-driven clinical decision support tool for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

Features

PD (n = 115)

median (IQR), min-max or n (%)

Healthy control (n = 226)

median (IQR), min-max or n (%)

Adjusted p-value

Socio-demographic

  Age (years)

67.28 (15.10), 38–88

60.79 (14.50), 21–86

<0.001 

  Male

83 (72.17%)

122 (53.98%)

0.002 

  Education (years)

14 (5.5), 6–25

14.0 (6.0), 6–24

0.97

Clinical

Global cognition

  MoCA total score

26.0 (4.0), 17–30

28.0 (3.0), 19–30

<0.001

  Physician-rated cognitive impairment (MDS-UPDRS 1.1)

0 (Normal)

67 (58.6%)

166 (73.45%)

0.077

1 (Slight Impairment)

39 (33.6%)

49 (21.68%)

2 (Mild impairment)

5 (4.3%)

8 (3.54%)

3 (Moderate Impairment)

2 (1.7%)

2 (0.89%)

4 (Severe impairment)

1 (0.86%)

0 (0%)

Domain-specific neuropsychological assessments

 Attention

TMT-A (seconds)

44.0 (23.25), 19–113

35.0 (17.0), 12–150

<0.001

Block span (Total score)

8.0 (3.0), 0–12

8.0 (2.0), 0–13

0.12

 Executive

TMT(B-A) (seconds)

49.0 (16.0), 9–223

39.0 (28.25), 5–226

<0.001

FAB

16.0 (3.0), 6–18

17.0 (2.0), 10–18

<0.001

 Memory

Word list learning total score

22.0 (6.0), 5–29

23.0 (5.0), 11–30

0.002

Word list delayed recall

7.0 (3.0), 0–10

8.0 (2.75), 0–10

<0.001

 Visuospatial

Judgement of line orientation

25.0 (7.0), 5–30

26.0 (7.75), 0–30

0.12

MoCA visuospatial

3.0 (1.0), 1–3

3.0 (0.0), 1–3

0.12

 Language

Phonemic fluency S

9.0 (6.0), 1–21

10.0 (5.0), 2–21

0.093

MoCA naming

3.0 (0.0), 1–3

3.0 (0.0), 2–3

0.37

Motor function

  Hoehn and Yahr

2.0 (0.0), 1–4

—

—

  MDS-UPDRS III

28.0 (17.0), 3–74

2.0 (5.0), 0–20

<0.001

ADL

  PDQ-39 subitems 11–16

5.0 (7.0), 0–18

0.0 (0.0), 0–9

<0.001

Depressive symptoms  

  Depression (BDI-I)

8.0 (6.0), 0–23

4.0 (1.0--7.25), 0–22

<0.001 

  Apathy (SAS)

12.0 (6.0), 1–29

9.0 (6.5–12.0), 0–25

<0.001

Subjective Cognitive Decline

  Subjective cognitive complaints (PDQ-39 subitems 30–33)

3.0 (4.0), 0–13

1.0 (0.0–2.75), 0–12

<0.001

Disease-related factors

  Disease duration (years)

2.0 (1.0–6.25), 0–22

—

—

  Age at PD onset (years)

62.0 (16.25), 36–88

—

—

  1. Clinical features include global cognition (e.g., MoCA total score), domain-specific neuropsychological performance (e.g., attention, executive functions, memory, visuospatial abilities, and language), PD staging (Hoehn and Yahr), motor function (e.g., MDS-UPDRS III), ADL and other disease-related factors such as disease duration and age at PD onset. Socio-demographic variables include age, sex, and years of education. Statistics are reported by median, interquartile range (IQR) and range (min–max); whereas sex, as a categorical feature, is reported by the percentage of male participants. The statistical significance of differences between the PD and healthy control groups was assessed using p-values, adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. p-. The alpha level was set at α = 0.05. Significant p-values are highlighted in bold. Distribution analyses were performed using the two-tailed t-test for numerical variables (normally distributed), two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test for numerical variables (not normally distributed) and Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables. Abbreviations: MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, TMT Trail Making Test, FAB Frontal Assessment Battery, ADL Activities of daily living, PDQ-39 Parkinson's Disease questionnaire, BDI-I Beck Depression Inventory, SAS Starkstein Apathy Scale, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
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