Table 1 Demographic and clinical data for the PD participants in the cohort

From: Classifying the risk of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease using serum bile acid profiles and machine learning

Characteristic

HC

PD-NC

PD-CI

F/χ²/U

P

HC /PD-NC

HC /PD-CI

PD-NC /PD-CI

n

63

154

146

     

Gender (M/F)

33/30

74/80

72/74

0.335

0.846

   

High school and above, n (%)

20 (32.8)

40 (26.0)

26 (17.8)

6.004

0.0497

   

Hypertension status, n (%)

28 (46.7)

59 (47.6)

62 (42.5)

0.7763

0.6783

   

Diabetes status, n (%)

21 (34.4)

57 (37.0)

50 (34.2)

0.2847

0.8673

   

Smoking status, n (%)

14 (23.0)

48 (31.2)

32 (21.2)

4.172

0.1242

   

Drinking status, n (%)

8 (13.1)

34 (22.1)

29 (19.9)

2.228

0.3283

   

Education (years)

9 (6,16)

9 (6,10)

6 (0.75,9)

27.36

<0.0001

>0.9999

0.0001

<0.0001

Age (years)

66.90 ± 1.11

64.54 ± 0.61

66.09 ± 0.60

2.629

0.074

0.114

0.776

0.181

Disease duration (years)

NA

5 (3,8)

6 (4,8)

9371

0.0204

  

0.0204

Hoehn-Yahr stage

NA

2.5 (2,3)

3 (3,3)

9036

0.0022

  

0.0022

UPDRS-III

NA

39 (25.75, 53)

44.5 (33, 58)

9320

0.0105

  

0.0105

MMSE

29 (28, 30)

28 (27, 29)

23 (16, 24)

256.6

<0.0001

0.5171

<0.0001

<0.0001

MoCA

27 (26.5, 28)

27 (26, 28)

14.5 (10, 19.25)

255.2

<0.0001

>0.9999

<0.0001

<0.0001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.02 ± 0.47

22.92 ± 0.21

22.96 ± 0.25

3.437

0.033

0.036

0.049

0.989

TC (mmol/L)

4.45 ± 0.12

4.08 ± 0.07

4.13 ± 0.08

3.871

0.022

0.019

0.049

0.903

TG (mmol/L)

1.64 (1.10, 1.96)

1.50 (0.90, 1.81)

1.54 (0.95, 1.77)

5.383

0.068

0.061

0.346

>0.9999

HDL (mmol/L)

1.07 (0.88, 1.23)

1.65 (0.90, 1.26)

1.04 (0.87, 1.20)

1.408

0.4946

>0.9999

>0.9999

0.708

LDL (mmol/L)

2.58 ± 0.09

2.26 ± 0.06

2.27 ± 0.06

4.159

0.016

0.020

0.024

0.998

GLU (mmol/L)

5.88 (4.76, 6.15)

5.97 (4.75, 6.39)

5.75 (4.83, 6.20)

0.043

0.979

>0.9999

>0.9999

>0.9999

AST (U/L)

24.00 (15.00, 26.50)

22.04 (15.00, 24.00)

23.75 (15.75, 24.00)

1.911

0.385

0.562

>0.9999

>0.9999

ALT (U/L)

23.03 (12.00, 24.50)

19.35 (11.00, 23.00)

22.12 (11.00, 24.00)

0.269

0.874

>0.9999

>0.9999

>0.9999

  1. Data are presented as mean±SEM for normally distributed variables and as median (interquartile range) for non‑normally distributed variables; categorical data are shown as n (%). Normality was assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Age, which met normality, was compared across HC, PD‑NC and PD‑CI by one‑way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc; non‑normal measures (education years, MMSE, MoCA, etc.) by Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons (Bonferroni‑adjusted). Disease duration, Hoehn–Yahr stage and UPDRS‑III (PD groups only) were compared by two‑tailed Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were analyzed by χ² or Fisher’s exact test when expected counts were <5. Values meeting significance thresholds are shown in bold.
  2. NA indicates not applicable; UPDRS‑III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale PartIII, MMSE Mini‑Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
Back to article page