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Association of LRRK2 p.A419V with Parkinson’s Disease in East Asians and analysis of age at onset
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  • Published: 02 February 2026

Association of LRRK2 p.A419V with Parkinson’s Disease in East Asians and analysis of age at onset

  • Kai Shi Lim1,2,
  • Maria Teresa Periñan3,4,
  • Elaine Guo Yan Chew5,
  • Paul Suhwan Lee6,
  • Fulya Akçimen7,
  • Jia Lun Lim8,
  • Mathew J. Koretsky6,
  • Manabu Funayama9,10,11,
  • Hiroyo Yoshino10,
  • Nobutaka Hattori9,
  • Rauan Kaiyrzhanov12,13,
  • Henry Houlden12,
  • Mariam Isayan14,
  • Yi Wen Tay1,2,
  • Tzi Shin Toh2,8,
  • Lei-Cheng Lit15,
  • Anis Nadhirah Khairul Anuar15,
  • Hans Xing Ding15,
  • Laurel Screven16,
  • Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim17,
  • Chin-Hsien Lin18,
  • Han-Joon Kim19,
  • Jee-Young Lee20,
  • Sun Ju Chung21,
  • Jia Nee Foo5,
  • Eng-King Tan22,
  • Shen-Yang Lim2,8,
  • Ai Huey Tan2,8,
  • Sara Bandres-Ciga6,
  • Azlina Ahmad-Annuar1 &
  • the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2)

npj Parkinson's Disease , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Diseases
  • Genetics
  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Abstract

Common and rare variants in LRRK2 influence Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk across diverse populations, and in this study, the rare p.A419V variant was investigated across multiple ancestry cohorts comprising over 200,000 PD cases and controls. In cases of East Asian (EAS) ancestry, p.A419V was significantly associated with increased risk of PD (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.66–5.10; p = 0.0002), and was not in linkage disequilibrium with other LRRK2 coding variants. The variant was significantly associated with a lower age at PD onset in the study cohort, while a meta-analysis of the EAS cases indicated a similar, albeit non-significant trend. LRRK2 protein modelling prediction indicated that binding sites for RAB8A, RAB29 and RAB32 were in close proximity to the p.A419V variant within the ARM domain. Together, these findings confirm the p.A419V as a significant PD risk factor in EAS populations, as well as highlight disease-relevant variants in the ARM domain and the link with LRRK2-RAB signaling.

Data availability

Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2; https://gp2.org). Specifically, we used Tier 2 data from GP2 release 9 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14510099). GP2 data are available on AMP-PD (https://amp-pd.org).

Code availability

All code generated for this article, and the identifiers for all software programs and packages used, are available on GitHub (https://github.com/GP2code/Multiancestry_LRRK2_p.A419V)and were given a persistent identifier via Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17701937). Genotyping imputation, quality control, ancestry prediction, and processing was performed using GenoTools v1.0, publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/GP2code/GenoTools).

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge all the participants for their contributions, without whom this research would not have been possible. Data and code used to prepare this article were obtained from the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2). GP2 is funded by the Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) initiative and implemented by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research (https://gp2.org). For a complete list of GP2 members, see https://gp2.org. Data used to prepare this article were obtained from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® (AMP®) Parkinson’s Disease (AMP® PD) Knowledge Platform. For up-to-date information on the study, visit https://www.amp-pd.org. ACCELERATING MEDICINES PARTNERSHIP and AMP are registered service marks of the US Department of Health and Human Services. We thank the research participants for consenting to this study. Additionally, data used in this article were obtained from the UK Biobank, the All of Us Research Program, an East Asian whole-exome dataset, and a Japanese whole-exome dataset. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 33601. The All of Us Research Program is supported by the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Regional Medical Centers: 1 OT2 OD026549; 1 OT2 OD026554; 1 OT2 OD026557; 1 OT2 OD026556; 1 OT2 OD026550; 1 OT2 OD 026552; 1 OT2 OD026553; 1 OT2 OD026548; 1 OT2 OD026551; 1 OT2 OD026555; IAA #: AOD 16037; Federally Qualified Health Centers: HHSN 263201600085U; Data and Research Center: 5 U2C OD023196; Biobank: 1 U24 OD023121; The Participant Center: U24 OD023176; Participant Technology Systems Center: 1 U24 OD023163; Communications and Engagement: 3 OT2 OD023205; 3 OT2 OD023206; and Community Partners: 1 OT2 OD025277; 3 OT2 OD025315; 1 OT2 OD025337; 1 OT2 OD025276. In addition, the All of Us Research Program would not be possible without the partnership of its participants. We have received an exception to the Data and Statistics Dissemination Policy from the All of Us Resource Access Board. The contributions of the NIH author(s) are considered Works of the United States Government. The findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. We thank Paige Jarreau for assistance with the graphical abstract. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; project number ZO1 AG000535 and ZIA AG000949, as well as the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). This project was also supported by the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2; https://gp2.org). GP2 is funded by the Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) initiative and implemented by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research (MJFF). For a complete list of GP2 members see https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7904831. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. Additional funding was provided by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research through grant MJFF-009421/17483. The AMP® PD program is a public-private partnership managed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health and funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in partnership with the Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) initiative; Celgene Corporation, a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK); The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; Pfizer Inc.; Sanofi US Services Inc.; and Verily Life Sciences. The Malaysian cohort was supported by funding from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/UM/01/2) and the University of Malaya Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Research Program (PV035-2017). The Singapore East Asian work was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council Open Fund Large Collaborative Grant (MOH-000207; to E.-K.T), Open Fund Individual Research Grant (MOH-000559; to J.N.F.), as well as the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 2 (MOE-T2EP30220-0005; to J.N.F.) and Tier 3 (MOE-MOET32020-0004; to J.N.F.). The Japan East Asian work was supported by The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (24K02372 and 23K06958; to F.M. and 24H00068 to H.N.), The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (25bm1423015h0003; to both F.M. and H.N. while 24ek0109677h0002, JP23dm0207070, and JP23dm0307101 to H.N.), The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Moonshot R&D Program (JPMJMS2024-5 to H.N.) and Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan, a subaward from Juntendo University awarded to both F.M. and H.N. The CAT-PD Consortium is supported by the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2; grant ID MJFF-022153).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Kai Shi Lim, Yi Wen Tay & Azlina Ahmad-Annuar

  2. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Kai Shi Lim, Yi Wen Tay, Tzi Shin Toh, Shen-Yang Lim & Ai Huey Tan

  3. Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain

    Maria Teresa Periñan

  4. Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

    Maria Teresa Periñan

  5. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Elaine Guo Yan Chew, Jia Nee Foo & Elaine Guo Yan Chew

  6. Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Paul Suhwan Lee, Mathew J. Koretsky & Sara Bandres-Ciga

  7. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Fulya Akçimen

  8. The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson’s & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Jia Lun Lim, Tzi Shin Toh, Shen-Yang Lim & Ai Huey Tan

  9. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan

    Manabu Funayama & Nobutaka Hattori

  10. Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan

    Manabu Funayama & Hiroyo Yoshino

  11. International Collaborative Research Administration, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

    Manabu Funayama

  12. Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK

    Rauan Kaiyrzhanov & Henry Houlden

  13. South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1 Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019, Shymkent, Kazakhstan

    Rauan Kaiyrzhanov

  14. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Health, Yerevan, Armenia

    Mariam Isayan

  15. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Lei-Cheng Lit, Anis Nadhirah Khairul Anuar, Hans Xing Ding & Anis Nadhirah Khairul Anuar

  16. The Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2), Bethesda, USA

    Laurel Screven

  17. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim

  18. Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chin-Hsien Lin

  19. Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Han-Joon Kim

  20. Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Jee-Young Lee

  21. Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Sun Ju Chung

  22. Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

    Eng-King Tan

  23. Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Mie Rizig

  24. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Njideka Okubadejo

  25. Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre-INEBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Emilia M. Gatto

  26. Hospital JM Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marcelo Kauffman

  27. Somnus Neurology Clinic, Yerevan, Armenia

    Samson Khachatryan & Zaruhi Tavadyan

  28. Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Claire E. Shepherd

  29. ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia

    Julie Hunter

  30. Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia

    Kishore Kumar

  31. Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia

    Melina Ellis

  32. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia

    Miguel E. Rentería

  33. Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia

    Sulev Koks

  34. Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Zimprich

  35. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul / Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Carlos Rieder

  36. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Vitor Tumas

  37. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Sarah Camargos

  38. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Edward A. Fon & Ted Fon

  39. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Oury Monchi

  40. Fundación Diagnosis, Santiago, Chile

    Benjamin Pizarro Galleguillos & Patricio Olguin

  41. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Marcelo Miranda

  42. CETRAM, Santiago, Chile

    Maria Leonor Bustamante

  43. Central South University, Changsha, China

    Beisha Tang

  44. West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Huifang Shang

  45. Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Jifeng Guo

  46. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Piu Chan

  47. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Wei Luo

  48. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Gonzalo Arboleda

  49. Fundación Valle del Lili, Santiago de Cali, Colombia

    Jorge Orozco

  50. University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

    Marlene Jimenez del Rio

  51. University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

    Alvaro Hernandez

  52. The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed Salama

  53. Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

    Walaa A. Kamel

  54. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Yared Z. Zewde

  55. Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France

    Alexis Brice

  56. Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

    Jean-Christophe Corvol

  57. University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Ana Westenberger, Christine Klein, Eva-Juliane Vollstedt, Harutyun Madoev, Joanne Trinh, Johanna Junker, Katja Lohmann & Lara M. Lange

  58. Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany

    Anastasia Illarionova

  59. University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Brit Mollenhauer

  60. University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Franziska Hopfner

  61. Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Günter Höglinger

  62. University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany

    Lara M. Lange

  63. University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Manu Sharma & Thomas Gasser

  64. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany

    Zih-Hua Fang

  65. University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Sergio Groppa

  66. University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana

    Albert Akpalu & Efthymios Dardiotis

  67. University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Georgia Xiromerisiou & Georgios Hadjigeorgiou

  68. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Ioannis Dagklis

  69. Ionian University, Corfu, Greece

    Ioannis Tarnanas

  70. Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Leonidas Stefanis

  71. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Centre HYGEIA Hospital, Marousi, Greece

    Maria Stamelou

  72. Hospital San Felipe, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

    Alex Medina

  73. Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Germaine Hiu-Fai Chan & Nelson Yuk-Fai Cheung

  74. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Nancy Ip, Phillip Chan & Xiaopu Zhou

  75. Aster Medcity, Kochi, India

    Asha Kishore

  76. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India

    K. P. Divya

  77. National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India

    Pramod Pal

  78. Manipal Hospital, Delhi, India

    Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle

  79. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India

    Roopa Rajan

  80. Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India

    Rupam Borgohain

  81. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mehri Salari

  82. Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy

    Andrea Quattrone

  83. University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Enza Maria Valente & Micol Avenali

  84. University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Lucilla Parnetti

  85. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

    Tommaso Schirinzi

  86. Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Tomotaka Shiraishi

  87. Institute of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Altynay Karimova & Gulnaz Kaishibayeva

  88. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Cholpon Shambetova

  89. Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg

    Rejko Krüger

  90. UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nor Azian Abdul Murad

  91. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Shahrul Azmin

  92. Neuroscience Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Dept, Menoufia Medical School, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt

    Wael Mohamed

  93. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico

    Daniel Martinez-Ramirez

  94. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

    Mayela Rodriguez-Violante & Paula Reayes-Perez

  95. Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Bayasgalan Tserensodnom

  96. Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal

    Rajeev Ojha

  97. University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Tim J. Anderson & Toni L. Pitcher

  98. College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Oluwadamilola Ojo

  99. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Jan O. Aasly

  100. Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Lasse Pihlstrøm & Manuela Tan

  101. University of Science and Technology Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Shoaib Ur-Rehman

  102. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru

    Mario Cornejo-Olivas

  103. Metropolitan Medical Center, Manila, Philippines

    Maria Leila Doquenia & Raymond Rosales

  104. University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

    Angel Vinuela

  105. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia

    Elena Iakovenko

  106. King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Bashayer Al Mubarak

  107. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Umair

  108. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Ferzana Amod

  109. University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

    Jonathan Carr & Soraya Bardien

  110. Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea

    Beomseok Jeon

  111. Yongin Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea

    Yun Joong Kim

  112. Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain

    Esther Cubo

  113. University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain

    Ignacio Alvarez

  114. Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

    Janet Hoenicka

  115. Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain

    Katrin Beyer

  116. University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain

    Pau Pastor

  117. Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

    Sarah El-Sadig

  118. Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Christiane Zweier & Paul Krack

  119. National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Ruey-Meei Wu

  120. Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

    Hsiu-Chuan Wu & Yih-Ru Wu

  121. National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Pin-Jui Kung

  122. Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

    Serena Wu

  123. National Institute Mongi Ben Hamida of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia

    Rim Amouri

  124. Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia

    Samia Ben Sassi

  125. Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

    A. Nazl Başak, Özgür Öztop Çakmak & Sibel Ertan

  126. Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Gencer Genc

  127. University College London, London, UK

    Alejandro Martínez-Carrasco, Anette Schrag, Anthony Schapira, Eleanor J. Stafford, Huw Morris, John Hardy, Nicholas Wood, Olaitan Okunoye, Rimona Weil, Simona Jasaitye & Vida Obese

  128. University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

    Camille Carroll

  129. Parkinson’s UK, London, UK

    Claire Bale

  130. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Donald Grosset

  131. Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Kin Y. Mok

  132. Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Nigel Williams

  133. Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK

    Patrick A. Lewis

  134. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Seth Love

  135. Cure Parkinson’s Trust, London, UK

    Simon Stott

  136. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Alberto Espay & Luca Marsili

  137. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, NY, USA

    Alyssa O’Grady, Bernadette Siddiqi, Bradford Casey, Brian Fiske, Charisse Comart, Justin C. Solle, Kaileigh Murphy, Maggie Kuhl, Naomi Louie, Sohini Chowdhury & Todd Sherer

  138. Augusta University / University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, USA

    Andrew K. Sobering

  139. Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Rockville, MD, USA

    Cabell Jonas

  140. Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Carlos Cruchaga

  141. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Caroline B. Pantazis

  142. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

    Claire Wegel

  143. Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Deborah Hall

  144. Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA

    Ejaz Shamim & Jared Williamson

  145. Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s, Washington, DC, USA

    Ekemini Riley & Sonya Dumanis

  146. Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA

    Geidy E. Serrano & Thomas Beach

  147. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Honglei Chen

  148. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Ignacio Juan Keller Sarmiento, Niccolò E. Mencacci & Steven Lubbe

  149. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Joseph Jankovic & Miguel Inca-Martinez

  150. Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Joshua Shulman

  151. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Karen Nuytemans

  152. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Karl Kieburtz

  153. NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA

    Katerina Markopoulou

  154. Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT, USA

    Kenneth Marek

  155. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Lana M. Chahine

  156. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Lauren Ruffrage & Marissa Dean

  157. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lisa Shulman

  158. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Roger Albin

  159. Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Roy Alcalay

  160. James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

    Ruth Walker

  161. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Tao Xie

  162. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Tatiana Foroud

  163. Hue University, Huế, Vietnam

    Duan Nguyen & Toan Nguyen

  164. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

    Masharip Atadzhanov

Authors
  1. Kai Shi Lim
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  2. Maria Teresa Periñan
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  3. Elaine Guo Yan Chew
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  4. Paul Suhwan Lee
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  5. Fulya Akçimen
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  6. Jia Lun Lim
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  7. Mathew J. Koretsky
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  8. Manabu Funayama
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  9. Hiroyo Yoshino
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  10. Nobutaka Hattori
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  11. Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
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  12. Henry Houlden
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  13. Mariam Isayan
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  14. Yi Wen Tay
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  15. Tzi Shin Toh
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  16. Lei-Cheng Lit
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  17. Anis Nadhirah Khairul Anuar
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  18. Hans Xing Ding
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  19. Laurel Screven
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  20. Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
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  21. Chin-Hsien Lin
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  22. Han-Joon Kim
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  23. Jee-Young Lee
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  24. Sun Ju Chung
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  25. Jia Nee Foo
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  26. Eng-King Tan
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  27. Shen-Yang Lim
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  28. Ai Huey Tan
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  29. Sara Bandres-Ciga
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  30. Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
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Consortia

the Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program (GP2)

  • Kai Shi Lim
  • , Maria Teresa Periñan
  • , Elaine Guo Yan Chew
  • , Paul Suhwan Lee
  • , Fulya Akçimen
  • , Jia Lun Lim
  • , Mathew J. Koretsky
  • , Manabu Funayama
  • , Hiroyo Yoshino
  • , Nobutaka Hattori
  • , Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
  • , Henry Houlden
  • , Mariam Isayan
  • , Yi Wen Tay
  • , Tzi Shin Toh
  • , Lei-Cheng Lit
  • , Anis Nadhirah Khairul Anuar
  • , Hans Xing Ding
  • , Laurel Screven
  • , Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
  • , Chin-Hsien Lin
  • , Han-Joon Kim
  • , Jee-Young Lee
  • , Sun Ju Chung
  • , Jia Nee Foo
  • , Eng-King Tan
  • , Shen-Yang Lim
  • , Ai Huey Tan
  • , Sara Bandres-Ciga
  • , Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
  • , Mie Rizig
  • , Njideka Okubadejo
  • , Emilia M. Gatto
  • , Marcelo Kauffman
  • , Samson Khachatryan
  • , Zaruhi Tavadyan
  • , Claire E. Shepherd
  • , Julie Hunter
  • , Kishore Kumar
  • , Melina Ellis
  • , Miguel E. Rentería
  • , Sulev Koks
  • , Alexander Zimprich
  • , Carlos Rieder
  • , Vitor Tumas
  • , Sarah Camargos
  • , Edward A. Fon
  • , Ted Fon
  • , Oury Monchi
  • , Benjamin Pizarro Galleguillos
  • , Patricio Olguin
  • , Marcelo Miranda
  • , Maria Leonor Bustamante
  • , Beisha Tang
  • , Huifang Shang
  • , Jifeng Guo
  • , Piu Chan
  • , Wei Luo
  • , Gonzalo Arboleda
  • , Jorge Orozco
  • , Marlene Jimenez del Rio
  • , Alvaro Hernandez
  • , Mohamed Salama
  • , Walaa A. Kamel
  • , Yared Z. Zewde
  • , Alexis Brice
  • , Jean-Christophe Corvol
  • , Ana Westenberger
  • , Christine Klein
  • , Eva-Juliane Vollstedt
  • , Harutyun Madoev
  • , Joanne Trinh
  • , Johanna Junker
  • , Katja Lohmann
  • , Anastasia Illarionova
  • , Brit Mollenhauer
  • , Franziska Hopfner
  • , Günter Höglinger
  • , Lara M. Lange
  • , Manu Sharma
  • , Thomas Gasser
  • , Zih-Hua Fang
  • , Sergio Groppa
  • , Albert Akpalu
  • , Georgia Xiromerisiou
  • , Georgios Hadjigeorgiou
  • , Efthymios Dardiotis
  • , Ioannis Dagklis
  • , Ioannis Tarnanas
  • , Leonidas Stefanis
  • , Maria Stamelou
  • , Alex Medina
  • , Germaine Hiu-Fai Chan
  • , Nelson Yuk-Fai Cheung
  • , Nancy Ip
  • , Phillip Chan
  • , Xiaopu Zhou
  • , Asha Kishore
  • , K. P. Divya
  • , Pramod Pal
  • , Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle
  • , Roopa Rajan
  • , Rupam Borgohain
  • , Mehri Salari
  • , Andrea Quattrone
  • , Enza Maria Valente
  • , Micol Avenali
  • , Lucilla Parnetti
  • , Tommaso Schirinzi
  • , Tomotaka Shiraishi
  • , Altynay Karimova
  • , Gulnaz Kaishibayeva
  • , Cholpon Shambetova
  • , Rejko Krüger
  • , Nor Azian Abdul Murad
  • , Shahrul Azmin
  • , Wael Mohamed
  • , Daniel Martinez-Ramirez
  • , Mayela Rodriguez-Violante
  • , Paula Reayes-Perez
  • , Bayasgalan Tserensodnom
  • , Rajeev Ojha
  • , Tim J. Anderson
  • , Toni L. Pitcher
  • , Oluwadamilola Ojo
  • , Jan O. Aasly
  • , Lasse Pihlstrøm
  • , Manuela Tan
  • , Shoaib Ur-Rehman
  • , Mario Cornejo-Olivas
  • , Maria Leila Doquenia
  • , Raymond Rosales
  • , Angel Vinuela
  • , Elena Iakovenko
  • , Bashayer Al Mubarak
  • , Muhammad Umair
  • , Ferzana Amod
  • , Jonathan Carr
  • , Soraya Bardien
  • , Beomseok Jeon
  • , Yun Joong Kim
  • , Esther Cubo
  • , Ignacio Alvarez
  • , Janet Hoenicka
  • , Katrin Beyer
  • , Pau Pastor
  • , Sarah El-Sadig
  • , Christiane Zweier
  • , Paul Krack
  • , Ruey-Meei Wu
  • , Hsiu-Chuan Wu
  • , Yih-Ru Wu
  • , Pin-Jui Kung
  • , Serena Wu
  • , Rim Amouri
  • , Samia Ben Sassi
  • , A. Nazl Başak
  • , Özgür Öztop Çakmak
  • , Sibel Ertan
  • , Gencer Genc
  • , Alejandro Martínez-Carrasco
  • , Anette Schrag
  • , Anthony Schapira
  • , Eleanor J. Stafford
  • , Huw Morris
  • , John Hardy
  • , Nicholas Wood
  • , Olaitan Okunoye
  • , Rimona Weil
  • , Simona Jasaitye
  • , Vida Obese
  • , Camille Carroll
  • , Claire Bale
  • , Donald Grosset
  • , Kin Y. Mok
  • , Nigel Williams
  • , Patrick A. Lewis
  • , Seth Love
  • , Simon Stott
  • , Alberto Espay
  • , Luca Marsili
  • , Alyssa O’Grady
  • , Bernadette Siddiqi
  • , Bradford Casey
  • , Brian Fiske
  • , Charisse Comart
  • , Justin C. Solle
  • , Kaileigh Murphy
  • , Maggie Kuhl
  • , Naomi Louie
  • , Sohini Chowdhury
  • , Todd Sherer
  • , Andrew K. Sobering
  • , Cabell Jonas
  • , Carlos Cruchaga
  • , Caroline B. Pantazis
  • , Claire Wegel
  • , Deborah Hall
  • , Ejaz Shamim
  • , Jared Williamson
  • , Ekemini Riley
  • , Sonya Dumanis
  • , Geidy E. Serrano
  • , Thomas Beach
  • , Honglei Chen
  • , Ignacio Juan Keller Sarmiento
  • , Niccolò E. Mencacci
  • , Steven Lubbe
  • , Joseph Jankovic
  • , Miguel Inca-Martinez
  • , Joshua Shulman
  • , Karen Nuytemans
  • , Karl Kieburtz
  • , Katerina Markopoulou
  • , Kenneth Marek
  • , Lana M. Chahine
  • , Lauren Ruffrage
  • , Marissa Dean
  • , Lisa Shulman
  • , Roger Albin
  • , Roy Alcalay
  • , Ruth Walker
  • , Tao Xie
  • , Tatiana Foroud
  • , Duan Nguyen
  • , Toan Nguyen
  •  & Masharip Atadzhanov

Contributions

A.A.A., A.H.T., and L.K.S. conceptualized the manuscript. N.H., H.H., M.I., T.Y.W., T.S.T., L.L.C., A.N.K.A., H.X.D., N.M.I., L.C.H., K.H.J., L.J.Y., C.S.Y., F.J.N., T.E.K., L.S.Y., A.H.T. were involved in patient recruitment and contributed data. L.S. provided logistical support of management between cohorts. A.A.A., L.K.S., S.B.C., M.T.P., E.G.Y.C., R.K., P.S.L., F.A., L.J.L., M.J.K., M.F., H.Y., conducted the formal analysis. A.A.A., L.K.S., S.B.C., and M.T.P. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed, edited, and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ai Huey Tan, Sara Bandres-Ciga or Azlina Ahmad-Annuar.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

A.H.T. received speaker honoraria from Eisai and Orion Pharma, and research grants from the Michael J Fox Foundation. M.J.K.’s participation in this project was part of a competitive contract awarded to DataTecnica LLC by the National Institutes of Health to support open science research.

Additional information

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Lim, K.S., Periñan, M.T., Chew, E.G.Y. et al. Association of LRRK2 p.A419V with Parkinson’s Disease in East Asians and analysis of age at onset. npj Parkinsons Dis. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-026-01265-3

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  • Received: 18 September 2025

  • Accepted: 08 January 2026

  • Published: 02 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-026-01265-3

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