Fig. 6: Comparison of Adam with the suffix averaging technique (SA) and/or the adaptive shot strategy (ASS), in terms of the performance on the same VQC task as Fig. 4.

The x- and y-axes are the same as Fig. 4. For each optimizer, the thin lines represent each run repeated twice from fifteen different initial points, and the thick line represents the average of these thirty runs. In both the noiseless (a) and noisy (b) cases, the adaptive shot strategy improves the performance of the original Adam, but the SGLBO outperforms the others. This shows that the adaptive shot strategy is also useful in improving the accuracy of Adam, rather than a specific technique for the SGLBO.