Fig. 5
Spin and charge conversion in topological insulator surface states. a Schematic of spin-momentum locking in the Dirac bands of topological insulator surface states. b, c (Top) Spin accumulation due to Edelstein effect of the spin-momentum locked topological surface states for n-type (b) and p-type (c) (Bi1−xSb x )2Te3. Solid and dashed circles are the Fermi circles with and without electric fields, respectively. (Bottom) Difference in the Fermi distribution on applying an electric field. d Spin current generation and detection via spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) in (Bi1−xSb x )2Te3 (8 nm)/Cu (8 nm)/Py (10 nm) trilayer structure. e Dependence of the charge-to-spin conversion efficiency of (Bi1−xSb x )2Te3 on the Sb composition (x). Insets: Fermi level position for each Sb doped (Bi1−xSb x )2Te3 sample. (b–e adapted from ref. 72 with permission, copyright Springer Nature 2016)
