Fig. 1

Tuning the valence-mismatch at manganite interfaces. a Schematic of La_0.7Sr_0.3CrO₃ (M)/ La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (N)/La_0.7Sr_0.3CrO₃ (M) (M/N/M) heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (001)-oriented SrTiO₃ substrates. b Schematic of a 3/3/3 structure showing the net charges in the AO (A = La,Sr) and BO₂ (B = Ti,Mn,Cr) layers. c RHEED oscillations recorded in-situ during the growth of a 2/6/2 heterostructure. d The corresponding atomic force microscope image of the surface topography of the 3/3/3 heterostructure exhibiting unit cell high terrace steps. The scale bar represents 500 nm. e Representative HAADF-STEM image and EDS map of nominally 2/6/2 LSCO/LSMO. The scale bar represents 1 nm