Fig. 2: Chiral polar vortices induced by applying a local square-shaped positive surface charge.
From: Phase-field simulations of vortex chirality manipulation in ferroelectric thin films
a The vortex domain patterns in four initial upward single domains (R1+, R2+, R3+, and R4+, respectively). b The projection of the polarization vector. c Nine vortices are induced by applying nine charge regions on large-scale BFO thin film with an initial R1+ domain. The polarization vector distribution of RH vortex in d and LH vortex in e. f The final domain percentages in a vortex indued in four initial domains. Yellow, gray, steel-blue, and steel-green regions represent domains with polarization along with R1−(\([\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}])\), R2−([\(1\bar{1}\bar{1}\)]), R3− ([\(11\bar{1}\)]), and R4− ([\(\bar{1}1\bar{1}\)]) directions, respectively.
