Fig. 1: Sample characteristics and Hall bar device of SrRuO₃.

a Schematic of the sample and crystal structures of the SrRuO₃ films on a SrTiO₃ substrate¹⁰⁵. In the schematic crystal image, yellow, blue, red, and purple spheres indicate strontium, oxygen, ruthenium, and titanium, respectively. b XRD θ-2θ scan of the SrRuO₃ film with t = 63 nm. c AFM image of the SrRuO₃ film with t = 63 nm. d Magnified image of c. e Cross-sectional high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image of the SrRuO₃ film with t = 63 nm along the [100] axis of the SrTiO₃ substrate. EELS-STEM images (from left to right) for the Ru-M_4,5- (red), Ti-L_2,3- (green), Sr-M₃- (blue), O-K-edge (orange), and a color overlay of the EELS-STEM images for Sr, Ru, and Ti. f Optical microscope image of a Hall bar device. The current flows along the x direction, and the longitudinal and Hall voltage were measured using the V_xx and V_xy terminals. The upper left inset shows the arrangement of the Hall bar device and the magnetic field B.