Fig. 3: Human stem cells’ (hSCs) strategies for tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs).

Different sources of hSCs could be (i) differentiated in vitro to the main cutaneous lineages and then, uses to fabricate artificial skin; (ii) embedded directly into dermal scaffolds and engrafted to achieve an in vivo differentiation; or (iii) combined with human keratinocytes and fibroblasts to benefit from their own angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties. hSSCs human skin stem cell, hiPSCs human-induced pluripotent stem cells, hMSCs human mesenchymal stem cells. Created with BioRender.com.