Table 6 Main biomaterials used for tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs) considering clinical studies.

Collagen

CESs, CDSs, CSSs, and hMSC-based TESSs

Most abundant animal protein

High tensile strength and stability

Lack of intrinsic angiogenic properties

^{56,60,61,62,63,64,65,87,90,93,95,101,106,172,173}

Collagen-glycosaminoglycan

CSSs and hMSC-based TESSs

Glycosaminoglycan increases mechanical properties and fibril formation of collagen

Requires cross-linking

^{86,88,89,91,92,104,175}

Hyaluronic acid

CDSs, CSSs and hMSC-based TESSs

Ease to handle

Biosafety corroborated by its use in cosmetic field

Angiogenic properties

Less mechanical properties in comparison with collagen

^{55,60,61,62,63,64,65,97,172}

Plasma/fibrin

CESs, CSSs, and hMSC-based TESSs

Composed of proteins that participate in wound healing

Enhances cell proliferation

Combination with other biomaterials is required to increase mechanical properties

^{49,51,94,96,98,102,103,177}

Amniotic membrane

CDSs and hMSC-based TESSs

High tensile strength

Releases several growth factors for angiogenesis and cell proliferation

Difficult to obtain

^68,178

Acellular dermal matrix

CESs, CDSs. CSSs, and hMSC-based TESSs

ECM components similar to native human

Minimizes the host response

Specific formation is required to obtain and more time

^{53,67,99,100,105,174}