Fig. 4: Quantification of vascularization with computed tomography angiography and micro-CT.

a, b Results of computed tomography angiography after 4 and 12 weeks. a In experimental groups 2, 3, and 4, an increase in perfused volume could be clearly shown. b Quantification of perfused volume in the bone defect area was measured relatively compared to muscle tissue in each animal. Graphs show relative values (y-axis) of the area under the curve (AUC), time to peak (TTP), and peak enhancement (PE) in different experimental groups after 4 and 12 weeks (x-axis). c, d Micro-CT of bone defects. c Bone defects were perfused with the radiopaque contrast agent Microfil®. Group 2, 3, and 4: Left picture defect with implantation chamber, right picture after removal of implantation chamber. d Quantification of perfusion volume (y-axis) in different experimental groups (x-axis).