Fig. 3: ECCs can spontaneously differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro.

a Gross appearance of ECCs seeded in a collagen sponge for 8 weeks. Scale bars, 1 mm. b Panoramic scanning showing the formation of cartilage masses in the collagen scaffold (inset: HE staining enlargement). Scale bars, 200 µm. (Inset) Scale bars, 50 µm. c–e The chondrocytes were positive for toluidine blue, alcian blue and safranin O staining. Scale bars, 100 µm. f–k Immunohistochemical staining showing that the chondrocytes express common chondrocytic markers, including collagen II, collagen X, aggrecan, RUNX2, collagen I, and the articular cartilage marker lubricin. Scale bars, 100 µm.