Fig. 1: scRNAseq of enriched ECs from untransplanted and transplanted kidney organoids.

a Workflow of step 1: kidney organoid differentiation from hiPSCs, step 2: in vitro culture versus intracoelomic transplantation in chicken embryos, and step 3: organoid collection, dissociation to single cells, endothelial cell enrichment and scRNAseq. b UMAP visualization of a total of 11,966 high-quality human endothelial cells obtained from untransplanted (2777 cells from d7 + 13, 1505 from d7 + 20) and transplanted (307 cells from d7 + 13, 7377 from d7 + 20) kidney organoids, color-coded by condition. c Heatmap visualization of similarity analysis of ECs from the different conditions. ECs from each condition had unique transcriptome profiles but showed a higher similarity based on transplantation conditions than timepoints. Scale: z-score of the gene expression level. Abbreviations: ut untransplanted, t transplanted. d Expression-level scaled heatmap of the top 20 upregulated genes per condition. Highlighted genes are discussed in the text. Scale: z-score of the gene expression level. e Top 10 upregulated gene sets in ECs for each condition. Dot size indicates proportion of cells expressing a gene. Color intensity indicates the level of expression. Highlighted gene sets are discussed in the text. f Top 5 upregulated regulons in ECs for each condition, generated by transcription factor inference analysis conducted using the SCENIC method. Highlighted regulons are discussed in the text. Scale: z-score of the regulon enrichment score. g Violin plot visualization of the expression level of the SOX7 gene in ECs from the different conditions.