Table 1 Descriptions of voluntary control in the literature.
From: Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: phenomenology to therapeutic implications
Authors | Year | Study design/type | Participants | Type of control described |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Powers, Kelley, Corlett | 2017 | Quantitative: questionnaire-based Qualitative: semi-structured interview | N = 16 participants with a psychotic disorder with AVH; N = 16 participants with a psychotic disorder without AVH; N = 17 non-clinical participants with AVH; N = 18 nonclinical participants without AVH | Direct control: clairaudient psychics able to control the onset and offset of voices |
Roxburgh and Roe | 2014 | Qualitative: interviews | N = 10 spiritualist mediums | Direct control: mediums describe ability to “prevent or assist” communication |
Taylor and Murray | 2012 | Qualitative: interview | N = 6 mediums | Direct control: mediums are able to choose when to engage with spirits |
Jackson, Hayward, Cooke | 2011 | Qualitative: interview | N = 5 NHS service users with AVH; N = 7 non service users with AVH | Direct control: asserting boundaries through use of sprit guides, visualization, used to increase control |
Knols and Corstens | 2011 | Qualitative: case study of treatment with Maastricht approach | N = 1 individual with AVH | Direct control: therapy aimed at helping patient understand meaning of voices helped him gain control over them |
Chadwick and Birchwood | 1994 | Qualitative: interview | N = 25 participants with schizophrenia | Direct control: some participants able to control onset or offset of voices |
Hutton, Morrison, Taylor | 2012 | Qualitative: case study | N = 1 individual with distressing and dominating AVH | Direct/indirect control: CBT associated with decrease in dominance of AVH, ultimate disappearance of AVH |
Gottlieb et al.137 | 2013 | Quantitative: questionnaire based (PSYRATS) | N = 17 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, AVH | Indirect control: greater perceived control over voices after completing CBTp |
Falloon and Talbott | 1981 | Qualitative: interview | N = 40 schizophrenia outpatients | Indirect control: some voice hearers can use cognitive strategies to manage voices |
Bentall et al. | 1994 | Patients assessed before and after receiving focusing therapy | N = 6 patients with schizophrenia | Indirect control: focusing therapy can be used to manage voices |
Peters et al. | 2012 | Quantitative: questionnaire based | N = 46 participants at an outpatient psychosis clinic | General control: resistance to voices correlated with higher levels of perceived omnipotence of voices |
2003 | Quantitative: questionnaire based. | N = 75 schizophrenia patients | General control: attempts to resist or block voices led to greater perceived intrusiveness | |
Chadwick et al. | 2000 | Quantitative: questionnaire based | N = 18 patients experiencing drug-resistant, distressing AVH | General control: CBT led to reduction in appraisals of voices as omnipotent |
Honig et al. | 1998 | Quantitative: semi-structured interview | N = 18 schizophrenia patients with AVH; N = 15 Dissociative disorder patients with AVH; N = 15 non-clinical participants with AVH | Perceived/rated control (NOS): non-clinical voice hearers felt more in control of hallucinations than clinical voice hearers on self-report |
Daalman et al. | 2011 | Quantitative: task based | N = 118 clinical participants with AVH; N = 111 non-clinical participants with AVH | Perceived/rated control (NOS): greater controllability of voices in non-psychotic individuals with AVH as rated on PSYRATS |
Sorrell, Hayward, Meddings138 | 2010 | Quantitative: questionnaire based | N = 32 clinical voice hearers N = 18 non-clinical voice hearers | Perceived/rated control (NOS): greater emotional distance from voices in those with clinical AVH than non-clinical AVH as rated on PSYRATS |
