Table 1 Sample characteristics and statistical differences between the groups.

From: You read my mind: fMRI markers of threatening appraisals in people with persistent psychotic experiences

 

Characteristics

Clinical group (n = 16)

Non-clinical group (n = 16)

Control no PE group (n = 16)

Significance tests

Gender (male/female)

 

9/7

4/12

7/9

χ2(2) = 3.26, p = 0.196

Mean age (SD)

 

38.87 (13.14)

45.81 (11.73)

32.71 (7.73)

F(2,45) = 5.49, p = 0.003 (ηp2 = 0.23)a**

Ethnicity

White British

9

10

12

χ2(2) = 0.53, p = 0.766

Minority ethnic groups

7

6

4

 

Employment

Employed/In education

1

6

14

χ2(2) = 15.33, p < 0.001

Not employed

15

10

2

Controls: employed > unemployed; Clinical PE: unemployed > employed

Mean years in education (standard deviation)

 

13.00 (2.14)

16.44 (3.90)

19.29 (5.99)

F(2, 43) = 8.37, p = .001 (ηp2 = 0.28)b**

Highest level of education

University education

1

6

14

χ2(2) = 21.84, p < 0.001

No university education

15

10

2

Controls: university > no university; Clinical PE: no university > university

Parental occupation

Professional/intermediate

9

9

13

χ2(2) = 2.92, p = 0.23 (V = 0.25)

Other

7

7

3

 

WASI mean (SD)

Estimated Full Scale IQ

97.87 (13.07)

112.26 (10.31)

119.50 (12.48)

F(2, 44) = 13.29, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.38)b***

Religious affiliation

Traditional

7

2

4

χ2(4) = 5.20, p = 0.268

Other/spiritual

1

1

0

 

None

8

13

12

 

DASS-21 mean (SD)1

Depression

8.87 (7.70)

2.31 (2.57)

1.73 (2.05)

F(2, 43) = 10.33, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.33)c**, d**

Anxiety

6.27 (5.40)

2.88 (3.24)

2.47 (3.60)

F(2, 43) = 3.78, p = 0.031 (ηp2 = 0.15)c**

Stress

8.80 (5.92)

5.00 (3.86)

4.67 (3.42)

F(2, 43) = 3.91, p = 0.028 (ηp2 = 0.15)c**

Years since onset of psychotic experiences mean (SD)3

 

15.79 (11.54)

32.53 (16.36)

-

t(27) = 3.16, p = 0.004 (d = 1.22)

Diagnosis (ICD-10)

 

Schizophrenia = 5 (31.3%)

Schizoaffective = 2 (12.5%)

Psychosis NOS = 3 (18.8%)

F30-39 = 6 (37.5%)

-

-

-

Antipsychotic medication & dosages2

 

Medicated = 14 (87.5%)

None = 2 (12.5%)

Typical = 1 (6.3%)

Atypical = 11 (68.8%)

Clozapine = 2 (12.5%)

More than 1 = 1 (6.3%)

-

-

-

Number of admissions mean [median] (range)

 

2.63 [1] (0–15)

-

-

-

  1. 1Values missing for one clinical participant and one control participant 2One value missing for clinical 3Two values missing for clinical, and one for non-clinical
  2. Tukey’s LSD least significant difference test.
  3. aNon-clinical vs. controls; bControls vs. clinical; cClinical vs. controls; dClinical vs. non-clinical.
  4. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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