Table 4 Estimates of the study model and the mediating effects.

From: Effects of COVID-19-related stress and fear on depression in schizophrenia patients and the general population

		Patients with schizophrenia				General population
Path		B	β	S.E.	C.R.	B	β	S.E.	C.R.
COVID-19Fear → Depression		0.014	0.021	0.021	0.657	0.050	0.070	0.019	2.621*
COVID-19Fear → Loneliness		0.100	0.218	0.019	5.382***	0.021	0.035	0.019	1.086
Loneliness → Depression		1.037	0.656	0.061	16.992***	0.703	0.578	0.035	20.045***
COVID-19Stress → Depression		0.091	0.111	0.028	3.281***	0.194	0.238	0.025	7.810***
COVID-19Stress → Loneliness		0.115	0.220	0.022	5.262***	0.184	0.274	0.024	7.644***
COVID-19Fear ↔ COVID-19Stress		0.586	0.645	0.036	16.123***	0.359	0.568	0.022	16.458***
Control variables	Gender → COVID-19Fear	−0.125	−0.081	0.123	−1.016	−0.136	−0.105	0.128	−1.062
	Gender → COVID-19Stress	−0.139	−0.090	0.094	−1.477	−0.155	−0.114	0.141	−1.099
	Gender → Loneliness	−0.094	−0.073	0.065	−1.446	−0.068	−0.060	0.072	−0.094
	Gender → Depression	−0.075	−0.069	0.093	−0.806	−0.175	−0.118	0.103	−1.697
	Age → COVID-19Fear	0.479	0.299	0.172	2.785*	0.434	0.295	0.168	2.583*
	Age → COVID-19Stress	0.095	0.077	0.104	0.911	0.369	0.264	0.153	2.410*
	Age → Loneliness	0.088	0.071	0.112	0.784	−0.428	−0.310	0.143	−2.993**
	Age → Depression	0.081	0.065	0.129	0.626	−0.625	−0.523	0.074	−8.445***
	Marital status → COVID-19Fear	0.293	0.172	0.438	0.668	0.372	0.199	0.185	2.011*
	Marital status → COVID-19Stress	0.186	0.119	0.252	0.737	0.389	0.208	0.210	1.852*
	Marital status → Loneliness	−0.363	−0.302	0.059	−6.151***	−0.475	−0.364	0.055	−8.636***
	Marital status → Depression	0.299	0.187	0.333	0.896	−0.267	−0.228	0.053	−5.038***
	Educational level → COVID-19Fear	0.105	0.029	1.112	0.093	0.093	0.030	0.082	1.132
	Educational level → COVID-19Stress	0.081	0.027	0.192	0.421	0.078	0.023	0.135	0.576
	Educational level → Loneliness	0.202	0.082	0.378	0.534	0.036	0.011	0.054	0.666
	Educational level → Depression	−0.309	−0.179	0.063	−4.903***	−0.401	−0.294	0.056	−7.160***
	Job → COVID-19Fear	−0.292	−0.093	0.518	−0.563	−0.412	−0.373	0.269	−1.531
	Job → COVID-19Stress	0.384	−0.099	0.579	−0.663	−0.623	−0.588	0.184	−3.386*
	Job → Loneliness	−0.517	−0.468	0.078	−6.626***	−0.861	−0.724	0.083	−10.373***
	Job → Depression	−0.831	−0.678	0.104	−7.990***	−0.921	−0.870	0.088	−10.466***
Mediating effect		β	S.E.	95%CI	P	β	S.E.	95%CI	P
COVID-19Fear → Loneliness→ Depression		0.143	0.028	(0.085, 0.197)	0.002	0.020	0.020	(−0.023, 0.056)	0.420
COVID-19Stress → Loneliness→ Depression		0.144	0.029	(0.093, 0.208)	0.001	0.158	0.021	(0.121, 0.201)	0.001
Goodness of fit	χ²	1667.870 (p = 0.000, df = 269)				2160.057 (p = 0.000, df = 269)
	TLI	0.923				0.905
	CFI	0.931				0.915
	RMSEA	0.062				0.059

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
B unstandardized estimate, β standardized estimate, S.E. standard error, C.R. critical ratio
95%CI 95% Confidence Interval Bias-corrected, df degree of freedom, CFI Comparative fit index, TLI Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
Sociodemographic characteristics were controlled when analyzing the direct and indirect effects.

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Table 4 Estimates of the study model and the mediating effects.

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