Table 3 Psychological distress, resilience, perceived social support, loneliness, and boredom at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2).

From: Mental health in individuals with severe mental disorders during the covid-19 pandemic: a longitudinal investigation

Variable

 

SMI (N = 46)

MDD (N = 69)

Controls (N = 481)

Psychological distress (BSCL)

 

T value ≥ 63

T value ≥ 63

T value ≥ 63

  

% (N)

% (N)

% (N)

 Anger-hostility

T1

19.6% (9)

36.2%b (25)

16.4% (79)

T2

21.7% (10)

33.3%b (23)

17.5% (84)

 Anxiety

T1

30.4%b (14)

47.8%b (33)

16.0% (77)

T2

30.4%b (14)

49.3%a,b (34)

13.7% (66)

 Depression

T1

19.6% (9)

40.6%a,b (28)

11.9% (57)

T2

15.2% (7)

40.6%a,b(28)

9.6% (46)

 Paranoid ideation

T1

10.9% (5)

29.0%a,b (20)

10.6% (51)

T2

13.0% (6)

27.5%b (19)

11.9% (57)

 Phobic anxiety

T1

43.5% (20)

50.7% (35)

41.0% (197)

T2

30.4% (14)

52.2%b (36)

29.9%↓** (144)

 Psychoticism

T1

39.1%b (18)

46.4%b (32)

14.6% (70)

T2

23.9%b (11)

42.0%a,b (29)

13.3% (64)

 Somatization

T1

10.9% (5)

30.4%a,b (21)

8.7% (42)

T2

10.9% (5)

33.3%a,b (23)

7.9% (38)

 Interpersonal sensitivity

T1

23.9%b (11)

40.6%b (28)

9.1% (44)

T2

15.2% (7)

39.1%a,b (27)

11.9% (57)

 Obsessive-compulsiveness

T1

26.1%b (12)

43.5%b (30)

12.1% (58)

T2

19.6% (9)

40.6%a,b (28)

14.8% (71)

 Global Severity Index

T1

23.9% (11)

47.8%a,b (33)

13.9% (67)

T2

23.9% (11)

44.9%a,b(31)

13.1% (63)

Resilience (RS-13; range: 13–91)

 

% (N)

% (N)

% (N)

 Low

T1

58.7%b (27)

65.2%b (45)

17.7% (85)

T2

50.0%b (23)

53.6%b (37)↓*

20.0% (96)

 Moderate

T1

15.2% (7)

14.5% (10)

19.3% (93)

T2

19.6% (9)

15.9% (11)

18.9% (91)

 High

T1

23.9%c (11)

18.8%c (13)

63.0% (303)

T2

30.4%c (14)

30.4%c (21)↑*

60.5% (291)

Perceived social support (MSPSS; range: 1–5)

 

>50%

>50%

>50%

 

% (N)

% (N)

% (N)

 Total Score

T1

82.6%c (38)

75.4%c (52)

96.0% (462)

T2

93.5% (43)

87.0%c (60)

95.4% (459)

Loneliness (TILS; range: 3–9)

 

% (N)

% (N)

% (N)

 Moderate (TILS score 5–6)

T1

43.5% (20)

37.7% (26)

29.7% (143)

T2

32.6% (15)

26.1%c (18)

41.2% (198)

 Severe (TILS score ≥ 7)

T1

26.1% (12)

31.9% (22)

22.5% (108)

T2

30.4% (14)

31.9%b (22)

18.5% (89)

Boredom (MSBS-SF; range: 8–56)

 

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

 

T1

27.1 ± 9.1

29.4 ± 12.4d

25.6 ± 10.6

T2

24.8 ± 9.6

29.2 ± 11.7d

25.4 ± 11.5

  1. For clarity reason: italic formatting shows the second time of examination.
  2. SMI serious mental illness, MDD major depressive disorder without psychotic features, BSCL Brief Symptom Checklist, RS-13 Resilience Scale (short form), MSPSS Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, TILS Three-Item Loneliness Scale, MSBS-SF Multidimensional State Boredom Scale-Short Form.
  3. ↓* = significant (p < 0.05) decrease between T1 and T2 according to McNemar-test.
  4. ↑* = significant (p < 0.05) increase between T1 and T2 according to McNemar-test.
  5. ↓** = significant (p < 0.001) decrease between T1 and T2 according to McNemar-test.
  6. aSignificantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to SMI group according to Fisher’s exact test (two-tailed).
  7. bSignificantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to control group according to Fisher’s exact test (two-tailed).
  8. cSignificantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to control group according to Fisher’s exact test (two-tailed).
  9. dSignificantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to control group according to Bonferroni-corrected ANOVA.
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