Table 6 Repeated Measures ANCOVA (z-standardized).

		SS	df	MS	F	partial η²	p
GSI score	Between-subjects effects
	Group (SMI vs. MDD vs. controls)	3.937	2	1.969	8.655	0.029	<0.001
	Age	0.937	1	0.937	4.122	0.007	0.043
	Sex (female vs. male)	2.218	1	2.218	9.751	0.017	0.002
	Residence (Austria vs. Italy)	0.002	1	0.002	0.008	<0.001	0.930
	RS-13 T1	14.305	1	14.305	62.891	0.098	<0.001
	MSPSS T1	7.569	1	7.569	33.275	0.054	<0.001
	TILS T1	10.437	1	10.437	45.884	0.074	<0.001
	MSBS-SF T1	16.290	1	16.290	71.614	0.110	<0.001
	Within-subjects effects
	Time	0.047	1	0.047	0.804	0.001	0.370
	Time × Group (SMI vs. MDD vs. controls)	0.091	2	0.046	0.781	0.003	0.459
	Time × Sex (female vs. male)	0.161	1	0.161	2.753	0.005	0.098
	Time × Age	0.278	1	0.278	4.769	0.008	0.029
	Time × Residence (Austria vs. Italy)	0.026	1	0.026	0.443	0.001	0.506
	Time × RS-13 T1	0.039	1	0.039	0.666	0.001	0.415
	Time × MSPSS T1	0.080	1	0.080	1.366	0.002	0.243
	Time × TILS T1	0.633	1	0.633	10.853	0.018	0.001
	Time × MSBS-SF T1	0.302	1	0.302	5.170	0.009	0.023

SMI serious mental illness, MDD major depressive disorder without psychotic features, BSCL Brief Symptom Checklist, RS-13 Resilience Scale (short form), MSPSS Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, TILS Three-Item Loneliness Scale, MSBS-SF Multidimensional State Boredom Scale-Short Form, SS sum of squares, df degree of freedom, MS mean square, LB lower bound, UB upper bound.
^aSignificantly different from SMI group (p < 0.001; estimated marginal mean difference).
^bSignificantly different from control group (p < 0.001; estimated marginal mean difference).

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