Fig. 1: The overall study diagram.

Three kinds of subjects were identified in the public databases to construct frame networks. The first group of controls was from the Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility (CoRR) project at Southwest University (SWU, n = 233). The second healthy group was from the 1000 Functional Connectomes Project (FCP, n = 157). The medicated subjects with schizophrenia and the matched controls were from the Mind Research Network and the University of New Mexico, funded by the Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) projects(C-SCH, n = 60; C-HC, n = 71). An independent clinical sample was enrolled in this study, including 70 drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia (I-FES) patients and 45 matched controls(I-HC).