Table 1 Sample characteristics.

From: Intra- and inter-individual cognitive variability in schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorder: an investigation across multiple cognitive domains

Group

SZ spectrum

BD spectrum

HC

Statistic

Group comparison

Age

29.9 (9.5)

33.9 (11.8)

33.9 (9.6)

F = 47.2, p < 0.001

HC, BP > SZ

Gender (m/f)

530/375

208/314

612/558

χ2 (2, N = 2597) = -46.6, p < 0.001

SZ, BP ~ HC

Education (years)

12.4 (2.6)

13.6 (2.4)

14.4 (2.2)

F = 174.9, p < 0.001

HC > BP > SZ

WASI IQ

101.2 (14.3)

108.7 (12.3)

113.3 (10.7)

F = 247.9, p < 0.001

HC > BP > SZ

AUDIT

6.3 (6.5)

7.3 (6.4)

5.3 (3.2)

F = 17.8, p < 0.001

BP > SZ > HC

DUDIT

4.1 (7.6)

2.9 (6.1)

0.3 (1.2)

F = 85.9, p < 0.001

SZ > BP > HC

SFS

105.7 (9.2)

110.5 (9.2)

123.8 (5.2)

F = 1434, p < 0.001

HC > BP > SZ

PANSS negative

13.0 (5.8)

8.6 (3.5)

–

t = 15.6, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

PANSS positive

9.7 (4.1)

5.7 (2.5)

–

t = 20.3, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

PANSS disorganized

5.6 (2.5)

4.1 (1.5)

–

t = 12.4, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

PANSS Excited

5.6 (2.1)

5.2 (1.7)

–

t = 4.0, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

PANSS Depressed

8.1 (3.2)

7.7 (3.0)

–

t = 2.1, p = 0.040

SZ > BD

YMRS

4.6 (4.9)

3.2 (4.4)

–

t = 5.4, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

GAF Symptom

44.6 (12.2)

58.5 (11.3)

–

t = –21.2, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

GAF Function

45.6 (12.2)

56.5 (12.8)

–

t = –15.9, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

AAO

24.0 (8.2)

25.9 (9.7)

–

t = –3.9, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

AAO Depression

21.4 (8.0)

21.9 (9.2)

–

t = –0.9, p = 0.353

-

DOI

6.0 (6.9)

7.8 (9.2)

–

t = –4.1, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

Antipsychotics (n, %)

751 (83.0)

250 (47.9)

–

χ2 (1, N = 1427) = 194.7, (p < 0.001)

SZ > BD

- cumulative DDD

1.3 (0.9)

0.9 (0.8)

–

t = 6.9, p < 0.001

SZ > BD

Antiepileptics (n, %)

104 ((11.5)

201 (38.5)

–

χ2 (1, N = 1427) = 143.8, (p < 0.001)-

BD > SZ

- cumulative DDD

0.7 (0.5)

0.8 (0.5)

–

t = –1.7, p = 0.088

ns

Lithium (n, %)

19 (2.1)

94 (18.0)

–

χ2 (1, N = 1427) = 114.9, (p < 0.001)

BD > SZ

- cumulative DDD

0.9 (0.5)

1.1 (0.4)

–

t = –1.7, p = 0.091

ns

Antidepressants (n, %)

267 (29.5)

179 (34.3)

–

χ2 (1, N = 1427) = 3.5, (p = 0.066)

ns

- cumulative DDD

1.6 (1.1)

1.5 (1.0)

–

t = 1.1, p = 0.284

ns

Total medication use

1.6 (1.4)

1.4 (1.3)

–

t = 3.0 p = 0.002

SZ > BD

Psychotic episodes*

1 (1–50)

1 (0-25)

–

t(1) = 2.2, p = 0.136

ns

Manic episodes*

0 (0–22)

1 (0-85)

–

t(1) = 405.5, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

Hypomanic episodes*

0 (0–25)

1 (0-245)

–

t(1) = 481.5, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

Depressive episodes*

1 (0–101)

4 (0-120)

–

t(1) = 237, p < 0.001

BD > SZ

  1. Presented are means, standard deviations (median, range for skewed data) and results from the pairwise comparisons.
  2. HC healthy controls, SZ Schizophrenia, BD bipolar disorder, WASI IQ Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, AUDIT/DUDIT Alcohol/Drug Use Disorder Identification Tests, SFS Social Functioning Scale, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning scale, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, AAO age at onset, DOI duration of illness (years); *:retrospective count of lifetime episodes, DDD daily defined dosage.
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