Fig. 2

Variation of GM3 species before and after heat treatment (time zero), and after 3 months storage at 4 or 25 °C. A GM3 standard (0.1 mg/L) is also shown. HT-1 Holder pasteurization (63 °C/30 min), HT-2 standard high-temperature-short-time pasteurization (72 °C/15 s), HT-3 extended shelf-life protocol (127 °C/5 s), HT-4 ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization (140 °C/6 s). No heat treatment: pooled human milk sample not subjected to any heat treatment