Fig. 2
From: Human augmentation of ecosystems: objectives for food production and science by 2045
a1–a3: “Hidden reef model” that integrates observable (red and green circles) and latent (blue line) variables in biological study. b1–b3: Balance model of food variables with respect to evolutionary stable state (ESS, set as the green circles). x-axis is the concentration (content per unit weight) of food variable divided by physiological effects or environmental requirement for production. y-axis is actual amount of the food intake. c Relationship between human and ecosystem health and farming methods. Intensification toward the ecological optimum beyond the natural state, such as synecological farming (ref. 8), creates a new integrative approach that has the potential to address both human and ecological health as positively interacting solutions (upper left green arrow). (See more explanation in Supplementary Material 3)
