Fig. 4: Analysis of pesticide standard solutions (in solvent) using handheld-SERS.

a, c, e, g Spectrum of ACE, CBM, THI and TRI with increasing concentrations, respectively. b, d, f, h Linear relationship between increasing SERS intensity and the concentration of ACE, CBM, THI and TRI, respectively. All data was normalised relative to the blank (zero) and the standard deviation (σ) was calculated from triplicate samples (n = 21).