Fig. 5: Optimisation of pesticide extraction from basmati rice.

a Extraction of TRI from basmati rice using a swab technique (E1), solvent extraction (E2), QuEChERs acetate (E3) and original QuEChERs (E4). b Extraction of TRI from whole and ground basmati rice using QuEChERs acetate (E3) and original QuEChERs (E4). c Original QuEChERs extraction (E4) of TRI from basmati rice using different sample weights and a hydration step (n = 3). d Extraction of ACE, CBM and THI from basmati rice using QuEChERs acetate (E3) and original QuEChERs (E4). All analysis was conducted using handheld-SERS.