Table 1 Statistics on the number of each fraud type in meat foods.

From: Meat food fraud risk in Chinese markets 2012–2021

Fraud types

Number of cases involved

Domestic food

Imported food

Media news reports

Percentage (%)

Artificial enhancement

869

   

43.7

  

636

42

191

 

Substitution

250

   

12.6

  

15

2

233

 

Mislabeling/misbranding

15

   

0.8

  

7

 

8

 

Counterfeiting (IPR)

19

   

1.0

  

2

 

17

 

Dilution

18

   

0.9

  

5

 

13

 

Other

1

   

0.1

    

1

 

Certificate fraud

2

   

0.1

    

2

 

Illegal imports

813

5

729

79

40.9

Total

1987

670

773

544

100.0

  1. Source: author’s calculation.
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