Table 2 Categories and sub-categories of meat products involving FF.

From: Meat food fraud risk in Chinese markets 2012–2021

Food kinds/categories/sub-categories

Number of cases involved

Percentage (%)

Fresh and frozen livestock, poultry meat, and the by-products

1506

75.8

 Livestock

967

48.7 

  Beef

482

24.3

  Pork

315

15.9

  Mutton

152

7.7

  Meat from other livestock

18

0.9

 Poultry

168

8.5

  Chicken

140

7.1

  Duck

18

0.9

  Meat from other poultry

10

0.5

 Livestock by-products

235

11.8

  Pork liver

27

1.4

  Pig kidney

16

0.8

  Sheep kidney

6

0.3

  Beef liver

2

0.1

  Other livestock by-products

184

9.3

 Poultry by-products

136

6.8

  Chicken liver

5

0.3

  Other poultry by-products

124

6.2

  Goose liver

2

0.1

  Duck liver

5

0.3

 Processed meat products

481

24.2

  Cooked meat products

272

13.7

  Sauce-braised meat products

161

8.1

  Dried meat products

44

2.2

  Smoked boiled sausage and ham products

44

2.2

  Smoked barbecue meat products

23

1.2

  Prepared meat products

81

4.1

  Cured meat products

67

3.4

  Quick-frozen prepared meat products

14

0.7

  Catering food

128

6.4

  Sauce-braised meat products (homemade)

100

5.0

  Other cooked meat (homemade)

22

1.1

  Meat enema (homemade)

5

0.3

  Aspic, skin jelly (homemade)

1

0.1

Total

1987

100.0

  1. Source: author’s calculation.