Table 9 Description of food fraud types in meat foods.
Fraud types | Descriptions | Example |
|---|---|---|
Mislabeling/misbranding | Including labels inconsistent with product information, undeclared food additives, and missing labels | Missing packaging information; changing the packaging label or scan the barcode of the expired meat to the market; unlabeled bulk meat products; selling cooked food without removing the weight of the box |
Artificial enhancement | Adding unapproved food additives, non-edible substances, prohibited veterinary drugs, and industrial substances to artificially enhance product quality or other attributes. | Prohibited veterinary drug metronidazole was detected in chicken meat sold at agricultural markets; adding food additives carmine pigment, nitrite, or non-edible substances Auramine O to the braised meat products; pork and trotter processing using industrial rosin and hydrogen peroxide |
Counterfeiting (IPR) | Unauthorized parties fraudulently label products as brands or imitate other origins. | Counterfeiting brand roast duck with ordinary products; counterfeiting meat products from other origins |
Substitution | Substituting the original animal components of food with spoiled, untested, unclean animal meat or other animal-derived or plant-derived components. | Substituting ordinary or better pork and processed meat preparations with expired, smuggled, dead livestock and poultry meat; substituting pork and duck for more expensive beef and mutton; using corn starch instead of beef to process meat products |
Dilution | Increasing the overall weight or volume of the product by adding water to the meat. | Injecting water in cattle to increase beef weight during transit link or at slaughterhouses |
Illegal imports | Imported food has no official inspection and quarantine certificate, approval certificate, or origin certificate, has not obtained inspection and quarantine access, or the goods do not conform to the certificate. | Pork, trotter, and pig kidney without official quarantine and origin certificate; smuggled beef and chicken feet |
Certificate fraud | Forging the inspection and quarantine certificates of meat products. | Forging pig quarantine certificate |
Other | Foreign objects and other conditions | Presence of other foreign objects that affect weight, such as sand |
