Fig. 5: GEO and citral prevents cardiovascular disease and ameliorates atherosclerosis through gut microbiota and TMAO modulation. | npj Science of Food

Fig. 5: GEO and citral prevents cardiovascular disease and ameliorates atherosclerosis through gut microbiota and TMAO modulation.

From: Ginger essential oil and citral ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice by modulating trimethylamine-N-oxide and gut microbiota

Fig. 5: GEO and citral prevents cardiovascular disease and ameliorates atherosclerosis through gut microbiota and TMAO modulation.

GEO and citral (1) protected ApoE−/− mice from GC-induced atherosclerosis and improved plasma lipidemic biomarker HDL-C; (2) enhanced glucose and insulin homeostasis, ameliorated hepatic damage, and reduced plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β; (3) remodeled gut microbiota and downregulated meta-organismal metabolism of the ʟ-carnitine-TMAO pathway; and (4) favorably modulated the gut microbiota. GC: Gubra Amylin NASH diet [GAN diet] with ʟ-carnitine in drinking water, GEO: ginger essential oil, TMAO: trimethylamine-N-oxide.

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