Fig. 5: Enrichment analysis of differential metabolic pathways identified between different fermentation time points.

Comparison between (A–C) 0 h and 36 h; D–F 36 h and 60 h; and G–I 60 h and 72 h. The enriched pathways are related to organic acids and derivatives (A, D, G), lipids and lipid-like molecules (B, E, H), and organic oxygen compounds (C, F, I), respectively. The color scale represents the confidence of significant difference (P value) between pairs of samples. Differential metabolic pathways were detected by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.