Table 3 Age effect on the food purchasing frequency, levels of interest in sustainable food certifications, and changes in the reported food consumption associated with climate change concerns in: (A) China, Denmark, France, and (B) Germany, Italy, and the USA

From: Socio-demographic and cross-country differences in attention to sustainable certifications and changes in food consumption

A)

 

China

Denmark

France

Young

Adults

Elderly

Young

Adults

Elderly

Young

Adults

Elderly

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P value

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P value

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P value

Purchasing frequency

 Fresh cheeses

4.35

1.47

ab

4.59

1.53

a

4.21

1.66

b

0.0043

4.65

1.45

a

4.06

1.35

b

3.77

1.20

b

<0.0001

4.34

1.15

 

4.52

1.23

 

4.25

1.21

 

0.0559

 Aged cheeses

4.39

1.45

ab

4.42

1.51

a

4.02

1.64

b

0.0032

4.54

1.47

a

3.76

1.45

b

3.52

1.31

b

<0.0001

4.26

1.22

 

4.33

1.32

 

4.03

1.16

 

0.0750

 Cured meat

3.91

1.65

ab

4.15

1.79

a

3.53

1.84

b

0.0000

4.45

1.53

a

3.63

1.59

b

3.42

1.29

b

<0.0001

4.29

1.39

 

4.16

1.40

 

3.88

1.29

 

0.1113

 Pork

5.33

1.09

a

5.01

1.25

b

4.53

1.47

c

<0.0001

4.62

1.53

a

3.96

1.54

b

4.17

1.15

b

<0.0001

3.81

1.65

 

3.87

1.61

 

3.53

1.38

 

0.0980

 Beef

4.79

1.13

a

4.87

1.21

a

4.38

1.39

b

<0.0001

4.82

1.44

a

4.32

1.39

b

4.46

1.07

ab

0.000

4.29

1.38

 

4.32

1.33

 

4.15

1.28

 

0.4946

 Fruits

5.62

1.10

a

5.37

1.23

a

5.11

1.43

b

0.0013

5.19

1.20

a

5.15

1.06

a

4.91

0.89

b

0.022

5.14

1.06

 

5.15

1.10

 

5.09

1.10

 

0.8611

 Vegetables

5.90

1.12

a

5.58

1.31

ab

5.38

1.71

b

0.0072

5.18

1.32

ab

5.33

0.97

a

4.96

0.87

b

0.000

5.04

0.97

 

5.17

1.07

 

5.13

1.05

 

0.5038

Sustainable certifications

 Cheeses

8.05

2.03

 

8.22

1.92

 

8.12

1.90

 

0.5979

6.64

2.85

a

6.14

2.94

ab

5.56

2.96

b

0.0066

6.45

2.69

 

6.97

2.39

 

6.54

2.64

 

0.0646

 Cured meat

7.56

2.20

a

7.97

2.16

a

7.61

2.02

a

0.0478

6.51

2.80

a

5.62

3.04

b

4.90

2.98

c

<0.0001

5.49

3.14

ab

5.85

2.91

a

4.74

2.84

b

0.0012

 Meat

8.38

1.58

 

8.52

1.61

 

8.33

1.54

 

0.2942

7.29

2.51

a

7.06

2.69

ab

6.55

2.70

b

0.0509

6.91

2.59

 

7.14

2.45

 

6.86

2.38

 

0.4361

 Fruits and Vegetables

8.82

1.45

 

8.74

1.50

 

8.57

1.34

 

0.2197

7.49

2.56

a

7.51

2.48

a

6.64

2.72

b

0.0014

7.34

2.40

 

7.58

2.10

 

7.12

2.39

 

0.0956

Changes in the reported consumption behavior

 Cheeses

3.5

1.04

ab

3.71

0.99

a

3.51

0.99

b

0.0094

3.55

1.14

a

3.06

0.81

b

2.98

0.73

b

<0.0001

3.19

0.96

 

3.27

0.87

 

3.12

0.75

 

0.1829

 Cured meat

3.44

1.10

 

3.49

1.04

 

3.42

1.09

 

0.6719

3.41

1.15

a

2.79

0.98

b

2.61

0.96

b

<0.0001

2.9

1.19

a

2.93

1.13

a

2.5

0.92

b

0.0014

 Meat

3.78

0.87

 

3.72

0.95

 

3.62

1.04

 

0.2825

3.44

1.20

a

2.80

1.02

b

2.80

0.79

b

<0.0001

3.17

1.21

a

2.94

1.09

a

2.64

0.99

b

0.0064

 Fruits

4.01

0.85

a

4.12

0.78

a

3.97

0.91

a

0.0461

3.64

1.05

a

3.51

0.88

ab

3.39

0.64

b

0.0151

3.71

0.97

 

3.58

0.88

 

3.41

0.86

 

0.0797

 Vegetables

4.02

0.90

ab

4.14

0.79

a

3.89

0.84

b

0.0000

3.80

1.06

a

3.66

0.88

ab

3.54

0.78

b

0.0184

3.71

0.86

 

3.62

0.87

 

3.47

0.83

 

0.1381

B)

 

Germany

Italy

The USA

Young

Adults

Elderly

Young

Adults

Elderly

Young

Adults

Elderly

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P-value

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P-value

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

mean

SD

 

P-value

Purchasing frequency

 Fresh cheeses

4.50

1.61

ab

4.78

1.27

a

4.37

1.14

b

<0.0001

4.66

1.04

 

4.76

0.97

 

4.70

0.92

 

0.3797

4.49

1.58

a

4.57

1.56

a

3.42

1.64

b

<0.0001

 Aged cheeses

4.03

1.59

ab

4.38

1.46

a

3.88

1.34

b

<0.0001

4.55

1.09

 

4.47

1.03

 

4.38

0.96

 

0.1522

3.87

1.91

a

4.15

1.78

a

2.93

1.66

b

<0.0001

 Cured meat

4.07

1.79

b

4.61

1.43

a

4.20

1.33

b

<0.0001

4.64

1.18

a

4.54

1.07

a

4.36

1.07

b

0.0102

3.80

1.85

a

3.97

1.81

a

2.64

1.57

b

<0.0001

 Pork

3.28

2.04

b

4.14

1.65

a

3.33

1.53

b

<0.0001

4.37

1.32

a

4.36

1.16

a

4.06

1.20

b

0.0000

4.13

1.85

a

3.99

1.86

a

2.65

1.65

b

<0.0001

 Beef

3.72

1.69

b

4.31

1.60

a

3.23

1.37

c

<0.0001

4.62

1.19

ab

4.55

1.08

a

4.37

1.07

b

0.0171

4.44

1.51

a

4.43

1.66

a

3.25

1.83

b

<0.0001

 Fruits

5.35

0.98

a

5.29

1.05

a

5.03

0.95

b

0.0000

5.41

0.83

 

5.38

1.06

 

5.49

0.96

 

0.2499

5.02

1.44

a

4.96

1.62

a

3.89

2.03

b

<0.0001

 Vegetables

5.41

1.00

a

5.28

1.06

a

5.01

0.92

b

<0.0001

5.37

0.92

 

5.44

0.98

 

5.41

0.98

 

0.6543

4.8

1.56

a

4.98

1.63

a

3.88

1.99

b

<0.0001

Sustainable certifications

 Cheeses

6.91

2.68

ab

7.31

2.55

a

6.77

2.72

b

0.0043

7.02

2.17

 

7.38

2.03

 

7.52

2.17

 

0.0672

7.05

2.83

b

7.82

2.55

a

6.72

2.95

b

<0.0001

 Cured meat

5.91

3.09

b

6.92

2.80

a

6.43

2.99

b

0.0000

7.14

2.09

 

7.42

2.03

 

7.55

2.14

 

0.1721

6.34

3.10

b

7.38

2.78

a

5.60

3.23

c

<0.0001

 Meat

6.67

3.10

b

7.47

2.67

a

6.91

3.03

b

0.0000

7.60

2.09

 

7.80

2.02

 

7.90

2.15

 

0.4287

7.11

2.93

b

7.90

2.48

a

6.97

2.83

b

<0.0001

 Fruits and Vegetables

8.00

2.05

ab

7.88

2.30

a

7.48

2.50

b

0.0193

7.83

1.55

 

7.91

1.76

 

8.04

1.98

 

0.2794

7.51

2.65

b

8.13

2.27

a

7.33

2.63

b

<0.0001

Changes in the reported consumption behavior

 Cheeses

2.99

1.15

a

3.35

0.98

b

3.03

0.69

b

<0.0001

3.15

0.89

ab

3.10

0.85

a

2.99

0.70

b

0.0204

3.63

1.02

a

3.75

1.06

a

3.27

0.90

b

<0.0001

 Cured meat

2.71

1.23

a

2.96

1.17

a

2.44

0.96

b

<0.0001

3.01

1.11

a

2.87

0.96

a

2.61

0.84

b

<0.0001

3.05

1.20

a

3.34

1.19

a

2.78

0.99

b

<0.0001

 Meat

2.67

1.21

a

3.01

1.17

a

2.35

0.94

b

<0.0001

2.89

1.07

a

2.90

0.98

a

2.51

0.88

b

<0.0001

3.59

1.06

a

3.58

1.09

a

3.05

0.96

b

<0.0001

 Fruits

3.83

0.99

a

3.64

0.91

a

3.43

0.79

b

<0.0001

3.75

0.87

 

3.65

0.82

 

3.62

0.80

 

0.2974

3.83

0.95

a

3.90

0.98

a

3.52

0.91

b

<0.0001

 Vegetables

3.83

0.92

a

3.68

0.87

a

3.55

0.76

b

0.0025

3.74

0.85

 

3.75

0.80

 

3.69

0.81

 

0.4965

3.87

1.03

a

3.90

0.93

a

3.63

0.88

b

0.0013

  1. Sustainable certification Interest Scale: 10 = Extremely interested, 9 = Very interested; 8 = Quite interested, 7 = Somewhat interested; 6 = Slightly interested; 5 = Neither interested nor uninterested, 4 = Slightly uninterested; 3 = Somewhat uninterested; 2 = Very uninterested, 3 = Somewhat uninterested; 1 = Extremely uninterested.
  2. Changes in the reported consumption behavior Scale: 5 = Much more, 4 = A little more, 3 = Same as before 2 = A little less, 1 = Much less.
  3. Purchasing frequency Scale: 5 = Much more, 4 = A little more, 3 = Same as before 2 = A little less, 1 = Much less.
  4. Different letters indicate statistical differences related to gender differences obtained using a least significant difference test (P < 0.05). P values were adjusted using Bonferroni’s method.
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